Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Abstract

The increasing temperature enhances soil respiration differently depend on different conditions (soil moisture, soil organic matter, the activity of soil microbes). It is an essential factor to predicting the effect of climate change on soil respiration. In a temperate deciduous forest (North-Hungary) we added or removal aboveground and belowground litter to determine total soil respiration. We investigated the relationship between total soil CO2 efflux, soil moisture and soil temperature. Soil CO2 efflux was measured at each plot using chamber based soil respiration measurements. We determined the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The effect of doubled litter was less than the effect of removal. We found that temperature was more influential in the control of soil respiration than soil moisture in litter removal treatments, particularly in the wetter root exclusion treatments (NR and NI) (R2: 0.49-0.61). Soil moisture (R2: 0.18-0.24) and temperature (R2: 0.18-0.20) influenced soil respiration similarly in treatments, where soil was drier (Control, Double Litter, Double Wood). A significantly greater increase in temperature induced higher soil respiration were significantly higher (2-2.5-fold) in root exclusion treatments, where soil was wetter throughout the year, than in control and litter addition treatments. The highest bacterial and fungal count was at the DL treatment but the differences is not significant compared to the Control. The bacterial number at the No Litter, No Root, No Input treatment was significantly lower at the Control. Similar phenomenon can be observed at the fungal too, but the differences are not significant. The results of soil respiration suggest that the soil aridity can reduce soil respiration increases with the temperature increase. Soil bacterial and fungal count results show the higher organic matter content and soil surface cover litter favors the activity.

Keywords

Added litter, removed litter, carbon-cycle, CO2 efflux, DIRT

References

<p>Allison, S.D., Vitousek, P.M. 2004. Rapid nutrient cycling in leaf litter from invasive plants in Hawai&rsquo;i. Oecologia 141(4): 612&ndash;619.</p>

<p>Beni A., Soki E., Lajtha K., Fekete I., 2014. An optimized HPLCmethod for soil fungal biomass determination and its application to a detritus manipulation study. Journal of Microbiological Methods 103: 124&ndash;130</p>

<p>Bond-Lamberty, B., Thomson, A. 2010. Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature 464: 579&ndash;582.</p>

<p>Bond-Lamerty, B., Bronson, D., Bladyka. E., Gower, S.T. 2011. A comparison of trenched plot techniques for partitioning soil respiration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 2108&ndash;2114.</p>

<p>Boone, R.D., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Canary, J.D., Kaye, J.P. 1998. Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. Nature 396: 570&ndash;572.</p>

<p>Bowden, R.D., Newkirk, K.M., Rullo, G. 1998. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes by a forest soil under laboratory-controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30: 1591&ndash;1597.</p>

<p>Chen, B., Liu, S., Ge, J., Chu, J. 2010. Annual and seasonal variations of Q10 soil respiration in the sub-alpine forests of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 1735&ndash;1742.</p>

<p>Cooper, J.M., Burton, D., Daniell, T.J., Griffiths, B.S., Zebarth, B.J. 2011. Carbon mineralization kinetics and soil biological characteristics as influenced by manure addition in soil incubated at a range of temperatures. European Journal of Soil Biology 47:392&ndash;399.</p>

<p>Crow, S.E., Lajtha, K., Bowden, R.D., Yano, Y., Brant, J.B., Caldwell, B.A., Sulzman, E.W. 2009. Increased coniferous needle inputs accelerate decomposition of soil carbon in an old-growth forest. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 2224&ndash;2232.</p>

<p>Davidson, E.A., Janssens, I.A. 2006. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440: 165&ndash;173.</p>

<p>Fang, C., Moncrieff, J.B. 2001. The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 155&ndash;165.</p>

<p>Fekete, I., Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., Varga, Cs., Veres, Zs., T&oacute;th, J.A. 2011b. The effects of detritus inputs on soil organic matter content and carbon-dioxide emission in a Central European deciduous forest. Acta Silvatica &amp; Lingaria Hungarica 7: 87&ndash;96.</p>

<p>Fekete, I., Varga, Cs., Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., Krakomperger, Zs., T&oacute;th, J.A. 2007. The effect of temperature and moisture on enzyme activity in S&iacute;kfők&uacute;t Site. Cereal Research Communications 35: 381&ndash;385.</p>

<p>Fekete, I., Varga, Cs., Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., T&oacute;th, J.A., V&aacute;rbir&oacute;, G. 2011a. The relation between various detritus inputs and soil enzyme activities in a Central European deciduous forest. Geoderma 167-168, 15&ndash;21.</p>

<p>Fekete, I., Kotrocz&oacute; Zs., Varga, Cs., Hargitai, R., Townsend, K., Cs&aacute;nyi, G., V&aacute;rbir&oacute;, G. 2012. Variability of Organic Matter Inputs Affects Soil Moisture and Soil Biological Parameters in a European Detritus Manipulation Experiment. Ecosystems 15(5): 792&ndash;803.</p>

<p>G&ouml;ran, I., Hyv&ouml;nen, R. 2003. Changes in carbon stores in Swedish forest soils due to increased biomass harvest and increased temperatures analysed with a semi-empirical model. Forest Ecology and Management 174: 25&ndash;37.</p>

<p>Grogan, P. 1998. CO2 flux measurement using soda lime: correction for water formed during CO2 adsorption. Ecology 79: 1467&ndash;1468.</p>

<p>IPCC 2007. Summary for Policymakers. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</p>

<p>Jakucs, P. 1973. &bdquo;S&iacute;kfők&uacute;t Project&rdquo;. Egy t&ouml;lgyes &ouml;kosziszt&eacute;ma k&ouml;rnyezetbiol&oacute;giai kutat&aacute;sa a bioszf&eacute;ra-program keret&eacute;n bel&uuml;l. (Environmental-biological research of an oak forest ecosystem within the framework of the biosphere program). MTA Biol. Oszt. K&ouml;zl 16: 11&ndash;25. (in Hungarian).</p>

<p>Jin, H., Sun, O.J., Liu, J. 2010. Changes in soil microbial biomass and community structure with addition of contrasting types of plant litter in a semiarid grassland ecosystem. Journal of Plant Ecology 3: 209&ndash;217.</p>

<p>Johnston, C.A., Groffman, P., Breshears, D.D., Cardon, Z.G., Currie, W., Emanuel, W., Gaudinski, J., Jackson, R.B., Lajtha, K., Nadelhoffer, K., Nelson, D., Post, W.M., Retallack, G., Wielopolski, L. 2004. Carbon cycling in soil. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 522&ndash;528.</p>

<p>Jones, C.D., Cox, P., Huntingford, C., 2003. Uncertainty in climate-carbon-cycle projections associated with the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature. Tellus 55B: 642&ndash;648.</p>

<p>Kirschbaum, M.U.F. 1995. The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 753&ndash;760.</p>

<p>Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., Fekete, I., T&oacute;th, J.A., T&oacute;thm&eacute;r&eacute;sz, B., Bal&aacute;zsy, S. 2008. Effect of leaf- and root-litter manipulation for carbon-dioxide efflux in forest soil. Cereal Research Communications 36: 663&ndash;666.</p>

<p>Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., G. Koncz, J. L. Hal&aacute;sz, I. Fekete, Zs. Krakomperger, M. D. T&oacute;th, S. Bal&aacute;zsy, J. A. T&oacute;th. 2009. Litter decomposition intensity and soil organic matter accumulation in S&iacute;kfők&uacute;t DIRT site. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 56 (Supp): 53&ndash;54.</p>

<p>Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., Veres, Zs., Fekete, I., Papp, M., T&oacute;th, J.A. 2012. Effects of Climate Change on Litter Production in a Quercetum petraeae-cerris Forest in Hungary. Acta Silvatica &amp; Lingaria Hungarica 8: 31&ndash;38.</p>

<p>Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., Zs. Veres, I. Fekete, Zs. Krakomperger, J. A. T&oacute;th, K. Lajtha, B. T&oacute;thm&eacute;r&eacute;sz 2014. Soil enzyme activity in response to long-term organic matter manipulation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 70: 237&ndash;243.</p>

<p>Kuzyakov, Y. 2006. Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 425&ndash;448.</p>

<p>Lloyd, J., Taylor, J.A. 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Funct. Ecol. 8, 315&ndash;323.</p>

<p>Luo, Y. 2007. Terrestrial carbon cycle feedback to climate warming. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S. 38, 683&ndash;712.</p>

<p>McDowell, W.H., Likens, G.E. 1988. Origin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook valley. Ecological Monographs 58: 177&ndash;195.</p>

<p>Millard, P., Midwood, A.J., Hunt, J.E., Barbour, M.M., Whitehead, D. 2010. Quantifying the contribution of soil organic matter turnover to forest soil respiration, using natural abundance &delta;13C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 935&ndash;943.</p>

<p>Nadelhoffer, K., Boone, R., Bowden, R., Canary, J., Kaye, J., Micks, P., Ricca, A., McDowell, W., Aitkenhead, J. 2004. The DIRT experiment. In: Foster DR, Aber DJ (Eds.) Forests in Time. Yale Univ. Press, Michigan.</p>

<p>Pelini, S.L., Boudreau M., McCoy N., Ellison A.M., Gotelli N.J., Sanders N.J., Dunn R.R. 2011. Effects of short-term warming on low and high latitude forest ant communities. Ecosphere. 2.5 art62</p>

<p>Post, W.M., Peng, T.H., Emanuel, W.R., King, A.W., Dale, V.H., DeAngelis, D.L. 1990. The global carbon cycle. American Scientist 78: 310&ndash;326.</p>

<p>Pr&eacute;vost-Bour&eacute;a, N.C., Soudania, K., Damesina, C., Berveiller, D., Latac, J.C., Dufr&ecirc;ne, E. 2010. Increase in aboveground fresh litter quantity over-stimulates soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest. Applied Soil Ecology 46: 26&ndash;34.</p>

<p>Qualls, R.G., Haines, B.L., Swank, V. 1991. Fluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest. Ecology 72: 254&ndash;266.</p>

<p>Raich, J.W., Bowden, R.D., Steudler, P.A. 1990. Comparison of two static chamber techniques for determining carbon dioxide eflux from forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54: 1754&ndash;1757.</p>

<p>Raich, J.W., Nadelhoffer, K.J. 1989. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: Global Trends in Ecology 70, 1346&ndash;1354.</p>

<p>Raich JW, Potter CS, Bhagawati D. 2002. Interannual variability in global soil respiration 1980-94. Global Change Biology 8: 800&ndash;812.</p>

<p>Robertson, G.P., Bledsoe, C.S., Coleman, D.C., Sollins, P., 1999. Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York.</p>

<p>Ryan, M.G., Linder, S., Vose, J.M., Hubbard, R.M. 1994. Dark respiration of pines (Copenhagen). Ecological Bulletins 43: 50&ndash;63.</p>

<p>Schimel, D.S., Braswell, B.H., Holland, E.A., McKeown, R., Ojima, D.S., Painter, T.H., Parton, W.J., Townsend. A,R, 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 279&ndash;293.</p>

<p>Schlesinger, W.H. 1990. Evidence from chronosequence studies for low carbon-storage potential of soils. Nature 348, 232&ndash;234.</p>

<p>Somogyi, Z. 2008. Recent trends of tree growth in relation to climate change in Hungary. Acta Silvatica &amp; Lingaria Hungarica 4: 17&ndash;27.</p>

<p>Sulzman, E.W., Brant, J.B., Bowden, R.D., Lajtha, K. 2005. Contribution of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and rhizosphere respiration to total soil CO2 efflux in an old growth coniferous forest. Biogeochemistry 73: 231&ndash;256.</p>

<p>Tang, X.L., Zhou, G.Y., Liu, S.G., Zhang, D.Q., Liu, S.Z., Li, J., Zhou, C.Y. 2006. Dependence of soil respiration on soil temperature and soil moisture in successional forests in southern China. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48: 654&ndash;63.</p>

<p>T&oacute;th, J.A., Lajtha, K., Kotrocz&oacute;, Zs., Krakomperger, Zs., Caldwell, B., Bowden, R., Papp, M. 2007. The effect of Climate Change on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition. Acta Silvatica &amp; Lingaria Hungarica 3: 75&ndash;85.</p>

<p>Veres, Zs., Zs. Kotrocz&oacute;, K. Magyaros, J. A. T&oacute;th, B. T&oacute;thm&eacute;r&eacute;sz. 2013. Dehydrogenase Activity in a Litter Manipulation Experiment in Temperate Forest Soil. Acta Silvatica &amp; Lingaria Hungarica 9: 25&ndash;33.</p>

<p>Wang, C., Yang, J., Zhang, Q. 2006. Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China. Global Change Biol. 12, 2103&ndash;2114.</p>

<p>Wang, Q., He, T., Wang, S., Liu, L. 2013. Carbon input manipulation affects soil respiration and microbial community composition in a subtropical coniferous forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 178-179: 152&ndash;160.</p>

<p>Watson, R.T., Rodhe, H., Oeschinger, H., Siegenthaler, U. 1990. Greehous gases and aerosols. In Climet Change: IPCC scientific assessment. Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ, Ephramus JJ, (Eds.). Cambridge Univeristy Press, Cambridge. pp. 1&ndash;40.</p>

<p>Zheng, Z.M., Yu, G.R., Fu, Y.L., Wang, Y.S., Sun, X.M., Wang, Y.H. 2009. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is affected by prevailing climatic conditions and soil organic carbon content: A trans-China based case study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 1531&ndash;1540.</p>

Abstract

The increasing temperature enhances soil respiration differently depend on different conditions (soil moisture, soil organic matter, the activity of soil microbes). It is an essential factor to predicting the effect of climate change on soil respiration. In a temperate deciduous forest (North-Hungary) we added or removal aboveground and belowground litter to determine total soil respiration. We investigated the relationship between total soil CO2 efflux, soil moisture and soil temperature. Soil CO2 efflux was measured at each plot using chamber based soil respiration measurements. We determined the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The effect of doubled litter was less than the effect of removal. We found that temperature was more influential in the control of soil respiration than soil moisture in litter removal treatments, particularly in the wetter root exclusion treatments (NR and NI) (R2: 0.49-0.61). Soil moisture (R2: 0.18-0.24) and temperature (R2: 0.18-0.20) influenced soil respiration similarly in treatments, where soil was drier (Control, Double Litter, Double Wood). A significantly greater increase in temperature induced higher soil respiration were significantly higher (2-2.5-fold) in root exclusion treatments, where soil was wetter throughout the year, than in control and litter addition treatments. The highest bacterial and fungal count was at the DL treatment but the differences is not significant compared to the Control. The bacterial number at the No Litter, No Root, No Input treatment was significantly lower at the Control. Similar phenomenon can be observed at the fungal too, but the differences are not significant. The results of soil respiration suggest that the soil aridity can reduce soil respiration increases with the temperature increase. Soil bacterial and fungal count results show the higher organic matter content and soil surface cover litter favors the activity.

Keywords: Added litter, removed litter, carbon-cycle, CO2 efflux, DIRT

References

Allison, S.D., Vitousek, P.M. 2004. Rapid nutrient cycling in leaf litter from invasive plants in Hawai’i. Oecologia 141(4): 612–619.

Beni A., Soki E., Lajtha K., Fekete I., 2014. An optimized HPLCmethod for soil fungal biomass determination and its application to a detritus manipulation study. Journal of Microbiological Methods 103: 124–130

Bond-Lamberty, B., Thomson, A. 2010. Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature 464: 579–582.

Bond-Lamerty, B., Bronson, D., Bladyka. E., Gower, S.T. 2011. A comparison of trenched plot techniques for partitioning soil respiration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 2108–2114.

Boone, R.D., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Canary, J.D., Kaye, J.P. 1998. Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. Nature 396: 570–572.

Bowden, R.D., Newkirk, K.M., Rullo, G. 1998. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes by a forest soil under laboratory-controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30: 1591–1597.

Chen, B., Liu, S., Ge, J., Chu, J. 2010. Annual and seasonal variations of Q10 soil respiration in the sub-alpine forests of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 1735–1742.

Cooper, J.M., Burton, D., Daniell, T.J., Griffiths, B.S., Zebarth, B.J. 2011. Carbon mineralization kinetics and soil biological characteristics as influenced by manure addition in soil incubated at a range of temperatures. European Journal of Soil Biology 47:392–399.

Crow, S.E., Lajtha, K., Bowden, R.D., Yano, Y., Brant, J.B., Caldwell, B.A., Sulzman, E.W. 2009. Increased coniferous needle inputs accelerate decomposition of soil carbon in an old-growth forest. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 2224–2232.

Davidson, E.A., Janssens, I.A. 2006. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440: 165–173.

Fang, C., Moncrieff, J.B. 2001. The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 155–165.

Fekete, I., Kotroczó, Zs., Varga, Cs., Veres, Zs., Tóth, J.A. 2011b. The effects of detritus inputs on soil organic matter content and carbon-dioxide emission in a Central European deciduous forest. Acta Silvatica & Lingaria Hungarica 7: 87–96.

Fekete, I., Varga, Cs., Kotroczó, Zs., Krakomperger, Zs., Tóth, J.A. 2007. The effect of temperature and moisture on enzyme activity in Síkfőkút Site. Cereal Research Communications 35: 381–385.

Fekete, I., Varga, Cs., Kotroczó, Zs., Tóth, J.A., Várbiró, G. 2011a. The relation between various detritus inputs and soil enzyme activities in a Central European deciduous forest. Geoderma 167-168, 15–21.

Fekete, I., Kotroczó Zs., Varga, Cs., Hargitai, R., Townsend, K., Csányi, G., Várbiró, G. 2012. Variability of Organic Matter Inputs Affects Soil Moisture and Soil Biological Parameters in a European Detritus Manipulation Experiment. Ecosystems 15(5): 792–803.

Göran, I., Hyvönen, R. 2003. Changes in carbon stores in Swedish forest soils due to increased biomass harvest and increased temperatures analysed with a semi-empirical model. Forest Ecology and Management 174: 25–37.

Grogan, P. 1998. CO2 flux measurement using soda lime: correction for water formed during CO2 adsorption. Ecology 79: 1467–1468.

IPCC 2007. Summary for Policymakers. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Jakucs, P. 1973. „Síkfőkút Project”. Egy tölgyes ökoszisztéma környezetbiológiai kutatása a bioszféra-program keretén belül. (Environmental-biological research of an oak forest ecosystem within the framework of the biosphere program). MTA Biol. Oszt. Közl 16: 11–25. (in Hungarian).

Jin, H., Sun, O.J., Liu, J. 2010. Changes in soil microbial biomass and community structure with addition of contrasting types of plant litter in a semiarid grassland ecosystem. Journal of Plant Ecology 3: 209–217.

Johnston, C.A., Groffman, P., Breshears, D.D., Cardon, Z.G., Currie, W., Emanuel, W., Gaudinski, J., Jackson, R.B., Lajtha, K., Nadelhoffer, K., Nelson, D., Post, W.M., Retallack, G., Wielopolski, L. 2004. Carbon cycling in soil. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 522–528.

Jones, C.D., Cox, P., Huntingford, C., 2003. Uncertainty in climate-carbon-cycle projections associated with the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature. Tellus 55B: 642–648.

Kirschbaum, M.U.F. 1995. The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 753–760.

Kotroczó, Zs., Fekete, I., Tóth, J.A., Tóthmérész, B., Balázsy, S. 2008. Effect of leaf- and root-litter manipulation for carbon-dioxide efflux in forest soil. Cereal Research Communications 36: 663–666.

Kotroczó, Zs., G. Koncz, J. L. Halász, I. Fekete, Zs. Krakomperger, M. D. Tóth, S. Balázsy, J. A. Tóth. 2009. Litter decomposition intensity and soil organic matter accumulation in Síkfőkút DIRT site. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 56 (Supp): 53–54.

Kotroczó, Zs., Veres, Zs., Fekete, I., Papp, M., Tóth, J.A. 2012. Effects of Climate Change on Litter Production in a Quercetum petraeae-cerris Forest in Hungary. Acta Silvatica & Lingaria Hungarica 8: 31–38.

Kotroczó, Zs., Zs. Veres, I. Fekete, Zs. Krakomperger, J. A. Tóth, K. Lajtha, B. Tóthmérész 2014. Soil enzyme activity in response to long-term organic matter manipulation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 70: 237–243.

Kuzyakov, Y. 2006. Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 425–448.

Lloyd, J., Taylor, J.A. 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Funct. Ecol. 8, 315–323.

Luo, Y. 2007. Terrestrial carbon cycle feedback to climate warming. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S. 38, 683–712.

McDowell, W.H., Likens, G.E. 1988. Origin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook valley. Ecological Monographs 58: 177–195.

Millard, P., Midwood, A.J., Hunt, J.E., Barbour, M.M., Whitehead, D. 2010. Quantifying the contribution of soil organic matter turnover to forest soil respiration, using natural abundance δ13C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 935–943.

Nadelhoffer, K., Boone, R., Bowden, R., Canary, J., Kaye, J., Micks, P., Ricca, A., McDowell, W., Aitkenhead, J. 2004. The DIRT experiment. In: Foster DR, Aber DJ (Eds.) Forests in Time. Yale Univ. Press, Michigan.

Pelini, S.L., Boudreau M., McCoy N., Ellison A.M., Gotelli N.J., Sanders N.J., Dunn R.R. 2011. Effects of short-term warming on low and high latitude forest ant communities. Ecosphere. 2.5 art62

Post, W.M., Peng, T.H., Emanuel, W.R., King, A.W., Dale, V.H., DeAngelis, D.L. 1990. The global carbon cycle. American Scientist 78: 310–326.

Prévost-Bouréa, N.C., Soudania, K., Damesina, C., Berveiller, D., Latac, J.C., Dufrêne, E. 2010. Increase in aboveground fresh litter quantity over-stimulates soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest. Applied Soil Ecology 46: 26–34.

Qualls, R.G., Haines, B.L., Swank, V. 1991. Fluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest. Ecology 72: 254–266.

Raich, J.W., Bowden, R.D., Steudler, P.A. 1990. Comparison of two static chamber techniques for determining carbon dioxide eflux from forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54: 1754–1757.

Raich, J.W., Nadelhoffer, K.J. 1989. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: Global Trends in Ecology 70, 1346–1354.

Raich JW, Potter CS, Bhagawati D. 2002. Interannual variability in global soil respiration 1980-94. Global Change Biology 8: 800–812.

Robertson, G.P., Bledsoe, C.S., Coleman, D.C., Sollins, P., 1999. Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York.

Ryan, M.G., Linder, S., Vose, J.M., Hubbard, R.M. 1994. Dark respiration of pines (Copenhagen). Ecological Bulletins 43: 50–63.

Schimel, D.S., Braswell, B.H., Holland, E.A., McKeown, R., Ojima, D.S., Painter, T.H., Parton, W.J., Townsend. A,R, 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 279–293.

Schlesinger, W.H. 1990. Evidence from chronosequence studies for low carbon-storage potential of soils. Nature 348, 232–234.

Somogyi, Z. 2008. Recent trends of tree growth in relation to climate change in Hungary. Acta Silvatica & Lingaria Hungarica 4: 17–27.

Sulzman, E.W., Brant, J.B., Bowden, R.D., Lajtha, K. 2005. Contribution of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and rhizosphere respiration to total soil CO2 efflux in an old growth coniferous forest. Biogeochemistry 73: 231–256.

Tang, X.L., Zhou, G.Y., Liu, S.G., Zhang, D.Q., Liu, S.Z., Li, J., Zhou, C.Y. 2006. Dependence of soil respiration on soil temperature and soil moisture in successional forests in southern China. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48: 654–63.

Tóth, J.A., Lajtha, K., Kotroczó, Zs., Krakomperger, Zs., Caldwell, B., Bowden, R., Papp, M. 2007. The effect of Climate Change on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition. Acta Silvatica & Lingaria Hungarica 3: 75–85.

Veres, Zs., Zs. Kotroczó, K. Magyaros, J. A. Tóth, B. Tóthmérész. 2013. Dehydrogenase Activity in a Litter Manipulation Experiment in Temperate Forest Soil. Acta Silvatica & Lingaria Hungarica 9: 25–33.

Wang, C., Yang, J., Zhang, Q. 2006. Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China. Global Change Biol. 12, 2103–2114.

Wang, Q., He, T., Wang, S., Liu, L. 2013. Carbon input manipulation affects soil respiration and microbial community composition in a subtropical coniferous forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 178-179: 152–160.

Watson, R.T., Rodhe, H., Oeschinger, H., Siegenthaler, U. 1990. Greehous gases and aerosols. In Climet Change: IPCC scientific assessment. Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ, Ephramus JJ, (Eds.). Cambridge Univeristy Press, Cambridge. pp. 1–40.

Zheng, Z.M., Yu, G.R., Fu, Y.L., Wang, Y.S., Sun, X.M., Wang, Y.H. 2009. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is affected by prevailing climatic conditions and soil organic carbon content: A trans-China based case study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 1531–1540.