Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
In Press, Corrected Proof
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
(This number will become active after the manuscript has been selected for inclusion in an issue)
Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4693
Copyright © 2026 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil
Abstract
This greenhouse pot experiment evaluated the individual and interactive effects of three water regimes (100%, 75% and 50% of available water capacity, AWC), four rates of a soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer (0, 250, 500 and 1000 L ha−1) and four concentrations of a foliar amino acid product (0–3 g L−1, applied with a common micronutrient fertilizer) on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a highly calcareous clay soil (26.35% CaCO3, pH 8.12). Grain yield, yield components, grain and straw nutrient concentrations, aboveground nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil properties were determined in a 3 × 4 × 4 factorial design with four replicates. Relative to 100% AWC, the 50% AWC regime reduced grain yield by 32.1%, mainly through fewer grains, and decreased P, K, Fe and Zn uptake by 35.6–41.4%, although post-harvest Olsen-P and DTPA-extractable Fe and Zn were unaffected. Grain protein concentration increased under water limitation, whereas aboveground N uptake declined by 18.8%. The highest organic fertilizer rate increased grain yield by 34.9% and grain Fe and Zn concentrations by 26.2% and 31.8%, and was associated with a decrease in soil pH from 8.10 to 7.69 and higher Olsen-P, DTPA-Fe and DTPA-Zn. The amino acid product increased grain yield by up to 14.3% and grain Fe and Zn by 18.8% and 24.1%. Under water limitation, yields at 2 and 3 g L−1 did not differ, whereas grain Fe and Zn concentrations continued to increase. No organic fertilizer × amino acid interaction was detected for grain yield. The results show that larger extractable soil nutrient pools did not offset water-limited nutrient acquisition, and that the most effective foliar concentration depends on whether grain yield or grain micronutrient enrichment is the target.
Keywords
Wheat, amino acid biostimulant, calcareous soil, grain biofortification, liquid organic fertilizer, nutrient uptake, water deficit.
References
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Abstract
This greenhouse pot experiment evaluated the individual and interactive effects of three water regimes (100%, 75% and 50% of available water capacity, AWC), four rates of a soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer (0, 250, 500 and 1000 L ha−1) and four concentrations of a foliar amino acid product (0–3 g L−1, applied with a common micronutrient fertilizer) on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a highly calcareous clay soil (26.35% CaCO3, pH 8.12). Grain yield, yield components, grain and straw nutrient concentrations, aboveground nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil properties were determined in a 3 × 4 × 4 factorial design with four replicates. Relative to 100% AWC, the 50% AWC regime reduced grain yield by 32.1%, mainly through fewer grains, and decreased P, K, Fe and Zn uptake by 35.6–41.4%, although post-harvest Olsen-P and DTPA-extractable Fe and Zn were unaffected. Grain protein concentration increased under water limitation, whereas aboveground N uptake declined by 18.8%. The highest organic fertilizer rate increased grain yield by 34.9% and grain Fe and Zn concentrations by 26.2% and 31.8%, and was associated with a decrease in soil pH from 8.10 to 7.69 and higher Olsen-P, DTPA-Fe and DTPA-Zn. The amino acid product increased grain yield by up to 14.3% and grain Fe and Zn by 18.8% and 24.1%. Under water limitation, yields at 2 and 3 g L−1 did not differ, whereas grain Fe and Zn concentrations continued to increase. No organic fertilizer × amino acid interaction was detected for grain yield. The results show that larger extractable soil nutrient pools did not offset water-limited nutrient acquisition, and that the most effective foliar concentration depends on whether grain yield or grain micronutrient enrichment is the target.
Keywords: Wheat, amino acid biostimulant, calcareous soil, grain biofortification, liquid organic fertilizer, nutrient uptake, water deficit.
Author contributions: Aliya Maxotova: Conceptualization, Methodology, and Investigation. Liza Zhussupova: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Project administration, Writing – original draft, and Writing – review and editing. Laura Tokhetova: Methodology, Investigation, and Data curation. Abzal Shegenbayev: Investigation, Formal analysis, and Validation. Sholpan Muminova: Investigation and Resources. Marat Duiseyev: Formal analysis, Data curation, and Visualization. Gulfairuz Beisenova: Investigation and Validation. Gulnaz Raimbekova: Data curation, Visualization, and Writing – review and editing. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Data availability statement : The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this article.
Ethics approval: Ethics approval was not required for this study.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions, which helped improve the quality of the manuscript.
Use of artificial intelligence: No AI tool was used for language editing or translation.
References
Abitova, B., Maxotova, A., Yeleuova, E., Tastanbekova, G., Bayadilova, G., Ibadullayeva, S., Zhussupova, L., Kenzhaliyeva, B., 2025. Effect of foliar-applied humic acid-based fertilizers on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield, tuber quality, and nutrient uptake efficiency, with implications for sustainable fertilization. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 14(2): 189-197. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1657337
Aitbayev, T., Aitbayeva, A., Yertayeva, Z., Petrov, E., Zorzhanov, B., Turegeldiyev, B., Yeleuova, E., 2025. Evaluation of foliar biostimulants and micronutrient complexes for improving tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality in Southeastern Kazakhstan. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 14(4): 313-324. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1718601
Blake, G.R., 1965. Bulk density. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling. Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., Clark, F.E. (Eds.), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 374–390. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c30
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Chapman, H.D., Pratt, P.F., 1961. Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Riverside, California, USA.
Ebaid, M., El-Temsah, M.E., Abd El-Hady, M.A., Alahmari, A.S., El-Kholy, A.S.M., Abd El-Moneim, D., Saad, A.M., 2025. Impact of foliar application using amino acids, yeast extract, and algae extract in different concentrations on growth parameters, yield traits, grain quality, and nitrogen-related parameters of wheat in arid environments. PeerJ 13: e19802. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19802
Fasani, E., Franceschi, C., Furini, A., DalCorso, G., 2025. Effect of biostimulants combined with fertilization on yield and nutritional value of wheat crops. BMC Plant Biology 25: 736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06804-3
Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle-size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Klute, A. (Ed.), American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 383–411. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15
Ghasemi, S., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Afyuni, M., Hadadzadeh, H., 2013. The effectiveness of foliar applications of synthesized zinc-amino acid chelates in comparison with zinc sulfate to increase yield and grain nutritional quality of wheat. European Journal of Agronomy 45: 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.10.012
Gülser, C., Zharlygasov, Z., Kızılkaya, R., Kalimov, N., Akça, I., Zharlygasov, Z., 2019. The effect of NPK foliar fertilization on yield and macronutrient content of grain in wheat under Kostanai-Kazakhstan conditions. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 8(3): 275-281. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.575026
Hammad, S.A.R., Ali, O.A.M., 2014. Physiological and biochemical studies on drought tolerance of wheat plants by application of amino acids and yeast extract. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 59(1): 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2014.06.018
Hui, X., Luo, L., Chen, Y., Palta, J.A., Wang, Z., 2025. Zinc agronomic biofortification in wheat and its drivers: a global meta-analysis. Nature Communications 16: 3913. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58397-y
ISO 10693:1995 Soil Quality—Determination of Carbonate Content—Volumetric Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at [Access date: 12.05.2026]: https://www.iso.org/standard/18781.html
ISO 20483:2013 Cereals and Pulses—Determination of the Nitrogen Content and Calculation of the Crude Protein Content—Kjeldahl Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at [Access date: 12.05.2026]: https://www.iso.org/standard/59162.html
Islamzade, T., Guliyev, S., Guliyeva, Z., Qaribova, S., Islamzade, R., 2025. Effect of foliar fertilization applied at different phenological stages on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and grain nutrient content under greenhouse conditions. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 14(2): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1629626
Jamal, A., Saeed, M.F., Mihoub, A., Hopkins, B.G., Ahmad, I., Naeem, A., 2023. Integrated use of phosphorus fertilizer and farmyard manure improves wheat productivity by improving soil quality and P availability in calcareous soil under subhumid conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 14: 1034421. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1034421
Kenzhaliyeva, B., Daldabayeva, G., Shamshina, G., Suleimenova, N., Zhumatayeva, Z., Abdukerim, R., Amangeldi, N., Kuspangaliyeva, K., Seitmuratov, B., 2026. Sequential foliar NPK nutrition and amino acid supplementation mitigate plant-available water deficit effects on growth, yield, and tuber carbohydrates of potato under greenhouse conditions. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15(2): 267-278. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1893889
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A., Pratt, P.F., 1982. Lithium, sodium, and potassium. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 225–246. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13
Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42(3): 421-428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
Luo, T., Zhu, Y., Lu, W., Chen, L., Min, T., Li, J., Wei, C., 2021. Acidic compost tea enhances phosphorus availability and cotton yield in calcareous soils by decreasing soil pH. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 71(8): 657-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2021.1933161
Maqsood, M.F., Shahbaz, M., Kanwal, S., Kaleem, M., Shah, S.M.R., Luqman, M., Iftikhar, I., Zulfiqar, U., Tariq, A., Naveed, S.A., Inayat, N., Din, A.M.U., Uzair, M., Khan, M.R., Farhat, F., 2022. Methionine promotes the growth and yield of wheat under water deficit conditions by regulating the antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species, and ions. Life 12(7): 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12070969
Miller, R.O., 1998. High-temperature oxidation: Dry ashing. In: Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. Kalra, Y.P. (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 53–56.
Muminova, S.S., Tastanbekova, G.R., Kashkarov, A.A., Azhimetova, G.N., Balgabaev, A.M., 2022. Effect of foliar mineral fertilizer and plant growth regulator application on seed yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 11(4): 322-328. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1135498
Murphy, J., Riley, J.P., 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27: 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods. Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (Eds.), Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 961–1010. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c34
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How to cite
Maxotova, A., Zhussupova, L., Tokhetova, L., Shegenbayev, A., Muminova, S., Duiseyev, M., Beisenova, G., Raimbekova, G., 2026. Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
Citation Styles
CLASSICAL
Maxotova, A., Zhussupova, L., Tokhetova, L., Shegenbayev, A., Muminova, S., Duiseyev, M., Beisenova, G., Raimbekova, G., 2026. Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
APA
Maxotova, A., Zhussupova, L., Tokhetova, L., Shegenbayev, A., Muminova, S., Duiseyev, M., Beisenova, G., & Raimbekova, G. (2026). Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
MLA
Maxotova, A., Zhussupova, L., Tokhetova, L., Shegenbayev, A., Muminova, S., Duiseyev, M., Beisenova, G., and Raimbekova, G. "Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, (2026) DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
TURABIAN
Maxotova, A., Zhussupova, L., Tokhetova, L., Shegenbayev, A., Muminova, S., Duiseyev, M., Beisenova, G., and Raimbekova, G. "Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
IEEE
A. Maxotova., L. Zhussupova., L. Tokhetova., A. Shegenbayev., S. Muminova., M. Duiseyev., G. Beisenova., G. Raimbekova. "Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil" Eurasian J. Soil Sci., vol. , no. , pp. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
ISO690
MAXOTOVA, Aliya ; ZHUSSUPOVA, Liza ; TOKHETOVA, Laura ; SHEGENBAYEV, Abzal ; MUMINOVA, Sholpan ; DUISEYEV, Marat ; BEISENOVA, Gulfairuz ; RAIMBEKOVA, Gulnaz Soil-applied liquid organic fertilizer and foliar amino acids improve yield, nutrient uptake and grain micronutrient concentrations of wheat under water limitation in a calcareous soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,.DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
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Publication Information
- Article first published online: 23 Ekim 2026
- Manuscript Accepted: 15 Ekim 2026
- Manuscript Received: 17 Haziran 2026
- DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.129.153
- Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4693
