Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
In Press, Corrected Proof
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
(This number will become active after the manuscript has been selected for inclusion in an issue)
Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4672
Copyright © 2026 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation
Abstract
This two-year field study evaluated the effects of individually and jointly applied Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations on nine culturable microbial groups in the rhizosphere of winter chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was conducted in Homs, Syria, during the 2024 and 2025 growing seasons using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three blocks in each season. Analysis of log10 (x + 1)-transformed colony-forming unit (CFU) counts revealed significant treatment effects (P < 0.05) that differed among the culturable microbial groups. The Fe treatment produced the highest numerical counts of total bacteria, mineral-N-utilizing bacteria, and presumptive Bacillus spp., although total bacterial counts did not differ significantly between the Fe and Fe + Mo treatments. The Fe + Mo treatment produced the highest numerical counts of presumptive Azotobacter, actinomycetes, fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB); however, some of these numerical maxima were not significantly different from those under other treatments. The Mo treatment produced the highest numerical count of potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB), although its count did not differ significantly from that under the Fe treatment. In contrast, all formulation treatments reduced counts of other colonies recovered on Ashby’s mannitol agar (operationally classified as oligotrophic bacteria, OLG) relative to the control. The ternary Zn + Fe + Mo treatment produced contrasting responses among the microbial groups. Relative to the control, it significantly reduced the counts of total bacteria, mineral-N-utilizing bacteria, OLG, and presumptive Bacillus spp. and increased those of presumptive Azotobacter and PSB; counts of actinomycetes, fungi, and KSB did not differ significantly from the control. These contrasting responses may reflect differences in exposure or microbial tolerance, but the underlying mechanisms were not measured and require direct experimental verification.
Keywords
Calcareous soil, chickpea, culturable microorganisms, micronutrient formulations, soil microbiology, ternary mixture.
References
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Abstract
This two-year field study evaluated the effects of individually and jointly applied Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations on nine culturable microbial groups in the rhizosphere of winter chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was conducted in Homs, Syria, during the 2024 and 2025 growing seasons using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three blocks in each season. Analysis of log10 (x + 1)-transformed colony-forming unit (CFU) counts revealed significant treatment effects (P < 0.05) that differed among the culturable microbial groups. The Fe treatment produced the highest numerical counts of total bacteria, mineral-N-utilizing bacteria, and presumptive Bacillus spp., although total bacterial counts did not differ significantly between the Fe and Fe + Mo treatments. The Fe + Mo treatment produced the highest numerical counts of presumptive Azotobacter, actinomycetes, fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB); however, some of these numerical maxima were not significantly different from those under other treatments. The Mo treatment produced the highest numerical count of potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB), although its count did not differ significantly from that under the Fe treatment. In contrast, all formulation treatments reduced counts of other colonies recovered on Ashby’s mannitol agar (operationally classified as oligotrophic bacteria, OLG) relative to the control. The ternary Zn + Fe + Mo treatment produced contrasting responses among the microbial groups. Relative to the control, it significantly reduced the counts of total bacteria, mineral-N-utilizing bacteria, OLG, and presumptive Bacillus spp. and increased those of presumptive Azotobacter and PSB; counts of actinomycetes, fungi, and KSB did not differ significantly from the control. These contrasting responses may reflect differences in exposure or microbial tolerance, but the underlying mechanisms were not measured and require direct experimental verification.
Keywords: Calcareous soil, chickpea, culturable microorganisms, micronutrient formulations, soil microbiology, ternary mixture.
Author contributions: Yamen Al-Hasan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Resources, and Writing – original draft. Abdulla Alissa: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, and Writing – review and editing. Mahmoud Al-Hamdan: Methodology, Investigation, Resources, and Validation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding: This research did not receive any specific external grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. However, laboratory facilities and analytical support were provided as institutional support by Homs University and the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.
Data availability statement : The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethics approval: Ethics approval was not required for this study as it involved agricultural soil and microbial communities, with no human participants, animal subjects, or clinical trials.
Acknowledgements: We thank Homs University for providing laboratory facilities and institutional support, and the Homs Research Centre and the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research for facilitating the field experiment. We also extend our gratitude to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and insightful suggestions, which significantly improved the scientific and linguistic quality of this manuscript.
Use of artificial intelligence: No artificial intelligence tool was used to generate, alter or analyse the data, results or figures reported in this article. DeepSeek-V3 (web version) was used solely for English-language editing to improve clarity and readability; the authors reviewed and revised all suggestions and take full responsibility for the content.
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How to cite
Al-Hasan, Y., Al-Issa, A., Al-Hamdan, M., 2026. Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
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CLASSICAL
Al-Hasan, Y., Al-Issa, A., Al-Hamdan, M., 2026. Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
APA
Al-Hasan, Y., Al-Issa, A., & Al-Hamdan, M. (2026). Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
MLA
Al-Hasan, Y., Al-Issa, A., and Al-Hamdan, M. "Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, (2026) DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
TURABIAN
Al-Hasan, Y., Al-Issa, A., and Al-Hamdan, M. "Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
IEEE
Y. Al-Hasan., A. Al-Issa., M. Al-Hamdan. "Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation" Eurasian J. Soil Sci., vol. , no. , pp. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
ISO690
AL-HASAN, Yamen ; AL-ISSA, Abdulla ; AL-HAMDAN, Mahmoud Single and combined Zn, Fe, and Mo formulations differentially affect culturable soil microbial groups under chickpea cultivation. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,.DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
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Publication Information
- Article first published online: 07 Ekim 2026
- Manuscript Accepted: 26 Eylül 2026
- Manuscript Received: 17 Haziran 2026
- DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.114.128
- Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4672
