Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
In Press, Corrected Proof
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
(This number will become active after the manuscript has been selected for inclusion in an issue)
Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4671
Copyright © 2026 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed
Abstract
Understanding the pedochemical processes that drive soil mineral transformations is crucial for assessing how climate variability and land-use change influence soil properties and landslide susceptibility in agricultural areas. This study combined field surveys with laboratory analyses, including soil physical and chemical characterization, thin-section analysis, and clay mineral identification by X-ray diffraction (XRD), to compare landslide-prone and stable areas using a two-tailed Welch's independent-samples t-test and Cohen's d. During 2003–2023, rainfall patterns in the Tangnga Watershed changed, while agricultural land increased from 7,534 ha in 2011 to 8,378.12 ha in 2019. Mean annual temperature increased by approximately 1 °C, whereas annual rainfall in the upstream area increased from 2,500–3,000 to 3,000–3,500 mm. These concurrent environmental trends were not interpreted as direct causes of landslide occurrence. Mineralogical and micromorphological analyses identified montmorillonite (2:1) and kaolinite (1:1). Diagnostic XRD peak intensities indicated a stronger montmorillonite signal in landslide-prone profiles and a stronger kaolinite signal in stable profiles. Weathering of basaltic-andesitic parent materials, including pyroxene and plagioclase, was associated with secondary clay mineral formation and changes in soil pore characteristics. Statistical analyses revealed depth-dependent differences between the two groups. At 0–30 cm, permeability differed significantly (p = 0.023; Cohen's d = −1.321), whereas at 30–60 cm, significant differences were observed in silt (p = 0.003; Cohen's d = −1.706) and clay contents (p = 0.006; Cohen's d = 1.496). These findings highlight the importance of soil mineralogy, micromorphology, and depth-dependent soil properties in understanding landslide susceptibility and informing sustainable land management in agricultural watersheds.
Keywords
Clay, kaolinite, montmorillonite, permeability, silt.
References
<p>Ahmad, A., Farida, M., Juita, N., Jayadi, M., 2023. Soil micromorphology for modeling spatial on landslide susceptibility mapping: a case study in Kelara Subwatershed, Jeneponto Regency of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. <em>Natural Hazards</em> <em>118</em>(2): 1445–1462. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06063-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06063-1</a></p>
<p>Ahmad, A., Lopulisa, C., Imran, A.M., Baja, S., 2018. Soil physicochemical properties to evaluate soil degradation under different land-use types in a high-rainfall tropical region: A case study from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 157: 012005. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/157/1/012005">https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/157/1/012005</a></p>
<p>BPDAS Jeneberang-Walanae, 2023. Wilayah Kerja (Watershed Management Area). BPDAS Jeneberang-Walanae, Makassar, Indonesia. Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: <a href="https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwspompenganjeneberang/wilayah-kerja">https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwspompenganjeneberang/wilayah-kerja</a></p>
<p>BPS, 2024. Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dalam Angka 2024 (Sulawesi Selatan Province in Figures 2024). Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Makassar, Indonesia. Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: <a href="https://sulsel.bps.go.id">https://sulsel.bps.go.id</a></p>
<p>Cohen, J., 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, USA. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587</a></p>
<p>Gong, S., Bai, X., Luo, G., Li, C., Wu, L., Chen, F., Ran, C., Xi, H., Zhang, S., 2023. Climate change has enhanced the positive contribution of rock weathering to the major ions in riverine transport. <em>Global and Planetary Change</em> 228: 104203. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104203">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104203</a></p>
<p>Hofer, T., Marquis, G., Veith, C., Ceci, P., 2013. Watershed management: An approach for landslide risk reduction through integrated land-use planning. In: Landslide Science and Practice, Volume 4: Global Environmental Change. Margottini, C., Canuti, P., Sassa, K. (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 191–195. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31337-0_25">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31337-0_25</a></p>
<p>Huang, R., Wu, L., Wang, X., Tang, N., Gao, L., Wang, A., Lu, Y., 2024. Review on the effect of isomorphic replacement on the structure and application performance of typical clay minerals. <em>Progress in Natural Science: Materials International</em> 34(2): 251–262. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2024.03.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2024.03.007</a></p>
<p>Hung, J., Yang, C., Lai, I., Li, Y., 2020. Rainfall and human impacts on weathering rates and carbon-nutrient yields in the watershed of a small mountainous river (Kaoping) in southwestern Taiwan. <em>Sustainability</em> 12(18): 7689. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187689">https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187689</a></p>
<p>Jakšík, O., Kodešová, R., Kapička, A., Klement, A., Fér, M., Nikodem, A., 2016. Using magnetic susceptibility mapping for assessing soil degradation due to water erosion. <em>Soil and Water Research</em> 11(2): 105–113. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17221/233/2015-SWR">https://doi.org/10.17221/233/2015-SWR</a></p>
<p>Karsli, H., Senkaya, G.V., Senkaya, M., Guney, R., 2017. Investigation of soil structure in Uzungöl settlement area by Shallow Seismic Methods. <em>Eurasian Journal of Soil Science</em> 6(2): 134–143. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.286548">https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.286548</a></p>
<p>Kerr, P.F., 1959. Optical Mineralogy, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA.</p>
<p>Khatun, M., Hossain, A.T.M.S., Sayem, H.M., 2024. Mineralogical influence on the geotechnical properties of shallow landslide hazard site soils of Rangamati Sadar Area, Bangladesh. <em>Jahangirnagar University Journal of Science</em> 44(1): 89–110.</p>
<p>Lakens, D., 2013. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. <em>Frontiers in Psychology</em> 4: 863. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863</a></p>
<p>Lehaf, Z., Morvan, M., Breul, P., 2025. Effect of clay content on suction and swelling behavior in unsaturated soils: Insights from water-retention and oedometric testing. <em>E3S Web of Conferences</em> 642: 03017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202564203017">https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202564203017</a></p>
<p>Li, Y.W., Schulthess, C.P., 2021. Ion-exchange modeling of divalent cation adsorption on SWy-3 montmorillonite. <em>Clays and Clay Minerals</em> 69(2): 167–187. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-021-00115-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-021-00115-y</a></p>
<p>Lira, B.S., Santos Junior, O.F., Freitas Neto, O.D., Sousa, M.N.M., 2024. Evaluation of the effects of rainwater infiltration on slope instability mechanisms. <em>Sustainability</em> 16(21): 9530. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219530">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219530</a></p>
<p>Ma, S., Cao, Y., Lu, J., Ren, T., Cong, R., Lu, Z., Zhu, J., Li, X., 2024. Response of soil aggregation and associated organic carbon to organic amendment and its controls: A global meta-analysis. <em>Catena</em> 237: 107774. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107774">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107774</a></p>
<p>Mugagga, F., Kakembo, V., Buyinza, M., 2012. Land use changes on the slopes of Mount Elgon and the implications for the occurrence of landslides. <em>Catena</em> 90: 39–46. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.004</a></p>
<p>Noviyanto, A., Sartohadi, J., Purwanto, B.H., 2020. The distribution of soil morphological characteristics for landslide-impacted Sumbing Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia. <em>Geoenvironmental Disasters</em> 7: 25. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-00158-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-00158-8</a></p>
<p>Nozari, S., Borůvka, L., 2023. The effects of slope and altitude on soil organic carbon and clay content in different land-uses: A case study in the Czech Republic. <em>Soil and Water Research</em> <em>18</em>(3): 204–218. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17221/105/2022-SWR">https://doi.org/10.17221/105/2022-SWR</a></p>
<p>Ng, J.F., Ahmed, O.H., Jalloh, M.B., Omar, L., Kwan, Y.M., Musah, A.A., Poong, K.H., 2022. Soil nutrient retention and pH buffering capacity are enhanced by Calciprill and sodium silicate. <em>Agronomy</em> 12(1): 219. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010219">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010219</a></p>
<p>Oldeman, L., Darmiyati, S., 1977. Agro-Climatic Map of Sulawesi. Central Research Institute for Agriculture. Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: <a href="https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/agro-climatic-map-sulawesi">https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/agro-climatic-map-sulawesi</a></p>
<p>Pacheco, A.A., Ker, J.C., Schaefer, C.E.G.R., Fontes, M.P.F., Andrade, F.V., Martins, E. de S., Oliveira, F.S. de., 2018. Mineralogy, micromorphology, and genesis of soils with varying drainage along a hillslope on granitic rocks of the atlantic forest biome, Brazil. <em>Revista Brasileira de Ciência Do Solo</em> 42: e0170291. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170291">https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170291</a></p>
<p>Panda, G.P., Bahrami, A., Nagaraju, T.V., Isleem, H.F., 2023. Response of high-swelling montmorillonite clays with aqueous polymer. <em>Minerals</em> 13(7): 933. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070933">https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070933</a></p>
<p>Psomiadis, E., Papazachariou, A., Soulis, K.X., Alexiou, D.S., Charalampopoulos, I., 2020. Landslide mapping and susceptibility assessment using geospatial analysis and earth observation data. <em>Land</em> 9(5): 133. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050133">https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050133</a></p>
<p>Sari, P.T.K., Wardani, M.K., 2024. The impact of cracked soil and weathering on slope stability against landslides in hilly regions with heavy rainfall. <em>Potensi: Jurnal Sipil Politeknik</em> 26(2): 53–58. <a href="https://doi.org/10.35313/potensi.v26i2.6359">https://doi.org/10.35313/potensi.v26i2.6359</a></p>
<p>Stoops, G., 2003. Guidelines for analysis and description of soil and regolith thin sections. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 147p. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2136/2003.guidelinesforanalysis">https://doi.org/10.2136/2003.guidelinesforanalysis</a></p>
<p>Sukamto, R., 1982. Peta Geologi Lembar Ujung Pandang, Benteng dan Sinjai, Sulawesi (Geological Map of Ujung Pandang, Benteng and Sinjai, Sulawesi). Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: <a href="https://geologi.esdm.go.id/bbspgl">https://geologi.esdm.go.id/bbspgl</a></p>
<p>Thalmann, M., Neubert, L., Klitzke, S., Ruhl, A.S., Peters, A., 2025. Sorption of organic micropollutants to an agricultural soil: Effect of ionic strength, cation valence and pH. <em>Water, Air, & Soil Pollution</em> 236: 253. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-07885-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-07885-4</a></p>
<p>Vieillard, P., Gailhanou, H., Lassin, A., Blanc, P., Bloch, E., Gaboreau, S., Fialips, C.I., Made, B., 2019. A predictive model of thermodynamic entities of hydration for smectites: Application to the formation properties of smectites. <em>Applied Geochemistry</em> 110: 104423. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104423">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104423</a></p>
<p>Vijayakumar, S., Gobinath, R., Kannan, P., Murugaiyan, V., 2024. Optimizing potassium mining in a rice-wheat system: Strategies for promoting sustainable soil health—a review. <em>Farming System</em> 2(3): 100099. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100099">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100099</a></p>
<p>Vingiani, S., Mele, G., De Mascellis, R., Terribile, F., Basile, A., 2015. Volcanic soils and landslides: A case study of the island of Ischia (southern Italy) and its relationship with other Campania events. <em>Solid Earth</em> 6(2): 783–797. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-783-2015">https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-783-2015</a></p>
<p>Wu, J., Hu, H., Zhao, S., Li, Y., Zhao, K., Zhang, M., Ding, B., 2025. Comparative study on cation adsorption and thermodynamic characteristics of clay minerals in electrolyte solutions. <em>Surfaces</em> 8(4): 90. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8040090">https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8040090</a></p>
Abstract
Understanding the pedochemical processes that drive soil mineral transformations is crucial for assessing how climate variability and land-use change influence soil properties and landslide susceptibility in agricultural areas. This study combined field surveys with laboratory analyses, including soil physical and chemical characterization, thin-section analysis, and clay mineral identification by X-ray diffraction (XRD), to compare landslide-prone and stable areas using a two-tailed Welch's independent-samples t-test and Cohen's d. During 2003–2023, rainfall patterns in the Tangnga Watershed changed, while agricultural land increased from 7,534 ha in 2011 to 8,378.12 ha in 2019. Mean annual temperature increased by approximately 1 °C, whereas annual rainfall in the upstream area increased from 2,500–3,000 to 3,000–3,500 mm. These concurrent environmental trends were not interpreted as direct causes of landslide occurrence. Mineralogical and micromorphological analyses identified montmorillonite (2:1) and kaolinite (1:1). Diagnostic XRD peak intensities indicated a stronger montmorillonite signal in landslide-prone profiles and a stronger kaolinite signal in stable profiles. Weathering of basaltic-andesitic parent materials, including pyroxene and plagioclase, was associated with secondary clay mineral formation and changes in soil pore characteristics. Statistical analyses revealed depth-dependent differences between the two groups. At 0–30 cm, permeability differed significantly (p = 0.023; Cohen's d = −1.321), whereas at 30–60 cm, significant differences were observed in silt (p = 0.003; Cohen's d = −1.706) and clay contents (p = 0.006; Cohen's d = 1.496). These findings highlight the importance of soil mineralogy, micromorphology, and depth-dependent soil properties in understanding landslide susceptibility and informing sustainable land management in agricultural watersheds.
Keywords: Clay, kaolinite, montmorillonite, permeability, silt.
Author contributions: Asmita Ahmad: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing–original draft, and Writing–review and editing. Muh Jayadi: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, and Writing–review and editing. Meutia Farida: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing–original draft, and Writing–review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology and LP2M of Hasanuddin University under Grant No. 050/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024. The funders had no role in the study design; data collection, analysis, or interpretation; preparation of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Data availability statement : The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethics approval: Ethics approval was not required for this study because the research did not involve human participants, animals, identifiable personal data, protected species, or regulated sampling.
Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology and LP2M of Hasanuddin University for institutional support provided under Grant No. 050/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024.
Use of artificial intelligence: No AI tool was used for language editing or translation.
References
Ahmad, A., Farida, M., Juita, N., Jayadi, M., 2023. Soil micromorphology for modeling spatial on landslide susceptibility mapping: a case study in Kelara Subwatershed, Jeneponto Regency of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Natural Hazards 118(2): 1445–1462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06063-1
Ahmad, A., Lopulisa, C., Imran, A.M., Baja, S., 2018. Soil physicochemical properties to evaluate soil degradation under different land-use types in a high-rainfall tropical region: A case study from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 157: 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/157/1/012005
BPDAS Jeneberang-Walanae, 2023. Wilayah Kerja (Watershed Management Area). BPDAS Jeneberang-Walanae, Makassar, Indonesia. Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwspompenganjeneberang/wilayah-kerja
BPS, 2024. Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dalam Angka 2024 (Sulawesi Selatan Province in Figures 2024). Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Makassar, Indonesia. Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: https://sulsel.bps.go.id
Cohen, J., 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, USA. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Gong, S., Bai, X., Luo, G., Li, C., Wu, L., Chen, F., Ran, C., Xi, H., Zhang, S., 2023. Climate change has enhanced the positive contribution of rock weathering to the major ions in riverine transport. Global and Planetary Change 228: 104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104203
Hofer, T., Marquis, G., Veith, C., Ceci, P., 2013. Watershed management: An approach for landslide risk reduction through integrated land-use planning. In: Landslide Science and Practice, Volume 4: Global Environmental Change. Margottini, C., Canuti, P., Sassa, K. (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31337-0_25
Huang, R., Wu, L., Wang, X., Tang, N., Gao, L., Wang, A., Lu, Y., 2024. Review on the effect of isomorphic replacement on the structure and application performance of typical clay minerals. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 34(2): 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2024.03.007
Hung, J., Yang, C., Lai, I., Li, Y., 2020. Rainfall and human impacts on weathering rates and carbon-nutrient yields in the watershed of a small mountainous river (Kaoping) in southwestern Taiwan. Sustainability 12(18): 7689. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187689
Jakšík, O., Kodešová, R., Kapička, A., Klement, A., Fér, M., Nikodem, A., 2016. Using magnetic susceptibility mapping for assessing soil degradation due to water erosion. Soil and Water Research 11(2): 105–113. https://doi.org/10.17221/233/2015-SWR
Karsli, H., Senkaya, G.V., Senkaya, M., Guney, R., 2017. Investigation of soil structure in Uzungöl settlement area by Shallow Seismic Methods. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 6(2): 134–143. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.286548
Kerr, P.F., 1959. Optical Mineralogy, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA.
Khatun, M., Hossain, A.T.M.S., Sayem, H.M., 2024. Mineralogical influence on the geotechnical properties of shallow landslide hazard site soils of Rangamati Sadar Area, Bangladesh. Jahangirnagar University Journal of Science 44(1): 89–110.
Lakens, D., 2013. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology 4: 863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
Lehaf, Z., Morvan, M., Breul, P., 2025. Effect of clay content on suction and swelling behavior in unsaturated soils: Insights from water-retention and oedometric testing. E3S Web of Conferences 642: 03017. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202564203017
Li, Y.W., Schulthess, C.P., 2021. Ion-exchange modeling of divalent cation adsorption on SWy-3 montmorillonite. Clays and Clay Minerals 69(2): 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-021-00115-y
Lira, B.S., Santos Junior, O.F., Freitas Neto, O.D., Sousa, M.N.M., 2024. Evaluation of the effects of rainwater infiltration on slope instability mechanisms. Sustainability 16(21): 9530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219530
Ma, S., Cao, Y., Lu, J., Ren, T., Cong, R., Lu, Z., Zhu, J., Li, X., 2024. Response of soil aggregation and associated organic carbon to organic amendment and its controls: A global meta-analysis. Catena 237: 107774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107774
Mugagga, F., Kakembo, V., Buyinza, M., 2012. Land use changes on the slopes of Mount Elgon and the implications for the occurrence of landslides. Catena 90: 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.004
Noviyanto, A., Sartohadi, J., Purwanto, B.H., 2020. The distribution of soil morphological characteristics for landslide-impacted Sumbing Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia. Geoenvironmental Disasters 7: 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-020-00158-8
Nozari, S., Borůvka, L., 2023. The effects of slope and altitude on soil organic carbon and clay content in different land-uses: A case study in the Czech Republic. Soil and Water Research 18(3): 204–218. https://doi.org/10.17221/105/2022-SWR
Ng, J.F., Ahmed, O.H., Jalloh, M.B., Omar, L., Kwan, Y.M., Musah, A.A., Poong, K.H., 2022. Soil nutrient retention and pH buffering capacity are enhanced by Calciprill and sodium silicate. Agronomy 12(1): 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010219
Oldeman, L., Darmiyati, S., 1977. Agro-Climatic Map of Sulawesi. Central Research Institute for Agriculture. Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/agro-climatic-map-sulawesi
Pacheco, A.A., Ker, J.C., Schaefer, C.E.G.R., Fontes, M.P.F., Andrade, F.V., Martins, E. de S., Oliveira, F.S. de., 2018. Mineralogy, micromorphology, and genesis of soils with varying drainage along a hillslope on granitic rocks of the atlantic forest biome, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Do Solo 42: e0170291. https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170291
Panda, G.P., Bahrami, A., Nagaraju, T.V., Isleem, H.F., 2023. Response of high-swelling montmorillonite clays with aqueous polymer. Minerals 13(7): 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070933
Psomiadis, E., Papazachariou, A., Soulis, K.X., Alexiou, D.S., Charalampopoulos, I., 2020. Landslide mapping and susceptibility assessment using geospatial analysis and earth observation data. Land 9(5): 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050133
Sari, P.T.K., Wardani, M.K., 2024. The impact of cracked soil and weathering on slope stability against landslides in hilly regions with heavy rainfall. Potensi: Jurnal Sipil Politeknik 26(2): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.35313/potensi.v26i2.6359
Stoops, G., 2003. Guidelines for analysis and description of soil and regolith thin sections. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 147p. https://doi.org/10.2136/2003.guidelinesforanalysis
Sukamto, R., 1982. Peta Geologi Lembar Ujung Pandang, Benteng dan Sinjai, Sulawesi (Geological Map of Ujung Pandang, Benteng and Sinjai, Sulawesi). Available at [Access date: 24.03.2025]: https://geologi.esdm.go.id/bbspgl
Thalmann, M., Neubert, L., Klitzke, S., Ruhl, A.S., Peters, A., 2025. Sorption of organic micropollutants to an agricultural soil: Effect of ionic strength, cation valence and pH. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 236: 253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-07885-4
Vieillard, P., Gailhanou, H., Lassin, A., Blanc, P., Bloch, E., Gaboreau, S., Fialips, C.I., Made, B., 2019. A predictive model of thermodynamic entities of hydration for smectites: Application to the formation properties of smectites. Applied Geochemistry 110: 104423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104423
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How to cite
Ahmad, A., Jayadi, M., Farida, M., 2026. Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
Citation Styles
CLASSICAL
Ahmad, A., Jayadi, M., Farida, M., 2026. Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
APA
Ahmad, A., Jayadi, M., & Farida, M. (2026). Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
MLA
Ahmad, A., Jayadi, M., and Farida, M. "Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, (2026) DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
TURABIAN
Ahmad, A., Jayadi, M., and Farida, M. "Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
IEEE
A. Ahmad., M. Jayadi., M. Farida. "Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed" Eurasian J. Soil Sci., vol. , no. , pp. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
ISO690
AHMAD, Asmita ; JAYADI, Muh ; FARIDA, Meutia Pedochemical characteristics and transformations of soil minerals: implications for landslide susceptibility in the Tangnga Watershed. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,.DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
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Publication Information
- Article first published online: 07 Ekim 2026
- Manuscript Accepted: 16 Eylül 2026
- Manuscript Received: 10 Şubat 2026
- DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.099.113
- Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4671
