Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
In Press, Corrected Proof
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
(This number will become active after the manuscript has been selected for inclusion in an issue)
Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4662
Copyright © 2026 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils
Abstract
Calcareous sodic soils are difficult to reclaim because amendment responses depend on exchangeable sodium and carbonate buffering. This study evaluated the effects of chemical amendments and leaching on soil properties, inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions, and wheat productivity. Three sodic soils containing 5.2%, 13.3%, and 25.1% CaCO₃ were treated with gypsum, CaCO₃, H₂SO₄, or CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ at nominal levels corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of the gypsum requirement (GR); the combined-treatment input was divided equally between CaCO₃ and H₂SO₄. After 21 d of incubation, the soils were leached with 1.5 pore volumes of deionized water and used to grow wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pandas) to physiological maturity. Amendment effectiveness varied with treatment level and soil. Gypsum at 150% GR consistently reduced exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) below 5% and produced the most favorable exchangeable Ca–Na balance. The combined treatment approached gypsum effectiveness, whereas CaCO₃ alone provided limited reclamation. H₂SO₄ caused the greatest pH reduction and was most effective in decreasing ESP and increasing exchangeable Ca²⁺ in the soil with the highest CaCO₃ content. Amendments affected inorganic P distribution more strongly than total sequentially extracted inorganic P. Gypsum increased Ca-bound and fixed P while decreasing relatively labile fractions, whereas H₂SO₄ produced the opposite response. Increased grain and straw yields, aboveground biomass, and harvest index coincided with reduced ESP and exchangeable Na⁺. Overall, gypsum provided the most consistent reclamation, while H₂SO₄ may be effective in highly calcareous sodic soils when rates account for carbonate buffering and acid-neutralization capacity.
Keywords
Calcium carbonate, exchangeable sodium percentage, gypsum requirement, phosphorus redistribution, sodicity; sulfuric acid.
References
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Abstract
Calcareous sodic soils are difficult to reclaim because amendment responses depend on exchangeable sodium and carbonate buffering. This study evaluated the effects of chemical amendments and leaching on soil properties, inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions, and wheat productivity. Three sodic soils containing 5.2%, 13.3%, and 25.1% CaCO₃ were treated with gypsum, CaCO₃, H₂SO₄, or CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ at nominal levels corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of the gypsum requirement (GR); the combined-treatment input was divided equally between CaCO₃ and H₂SO₄. After 21 d of incubation, the soils were leached with 1.5 pore volumes of deionized water and used to grow wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pandas) to physiological maturity. Amendment effectiveness varied with treatment level and soil. Gypsum at 150% GR consistently reduced exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) below 5% and produced the most favorable exchangeable Ca–Na balance. The combined treatment approached gypsum effectiveness, whereas CaCO₃ alone provided limited reclamation. H₂SO₄ caused the greatest pH reduction and was most effective in decreasing ESP and increasing exchangeable Ca²⁺ in the soil with the highest CaCO₃ content. Amendments affected inorganic P distribution more strongly than total sequentially extracted inorganic P. Gypsum increased Ca-bound and fixed P while decreasing relatively labile fractions, whereas H₂SO₄ produced the opposite response. Increased grain and straw yields, aboveground biomass, and harvest index coincided with reduced ESP and exchangeable Na⁺. Overall, gypsum provided the most consistent reclamation, while H₂SO₄ may be effective in highly calcareous sodic soils when rates account for carbonate buffering and acid-neutralization capacity.
Keywords: Calcium carbonate, exchangeable sodium percentage, gypsum requirement, phosphorus redistribution, sodicity; sulfuric acid.
Author contributions: Sholpan Umbetova: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, and Project administration. Umirbek Umbetov: Methodology, Investigation, and Data curation. Galymzhan Kurmanbayev: Methodology, Investigation, and Formal analysis. Gulzhan Kalmanova: Investigation, Data curation, and Visualization. Rsaldy Zhiembai: Investigation and Data curation. Saltanat Medetbayeva: Investigation and Validation. Shaban Maxsudov: Supervision, Validation, and Writing – review and editing. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the grant funding program for scientific and/or scientific and technical projects for 2025–2027, Project No. AP26199445, “Development of an Intelligent Water Treatment System by Ozonation.”
Data availability statement : The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this article.
Ethics approval: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it did not involve humans, animals, or genetically modified organisms.
Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the institutional and technical support provided during the laboratory and greenhouse experiments.
Use of artificial intelligence: No AI tool was used for language editing or translation.
References
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Amezketa, E., Aragüés, R., Gazol, R., 2005. Efficiency of sulfuric acid, mined gypsum, and two gypsum by-products in soil crusting prevention and sodic soil reclamation. Agronomy Journal 97: 983–989. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0236
Attanayake, C.P., Dharmakeerthi, R.S., Kumaragamage, D., Indraratne, S.P., Goltz, D., 2022. Flooding-induced inorganic phosphorus transformations in two soils, with and without gypsum amendment. Journal of Environmental Quality 51: 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20319
Batarseh, M., 2017. Sustainable management of calcareous saline-sodic soil in arid environments: The leaching process in the Jordan Valley. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2017: 1092838. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1092838
Bayraklı, B., 2022. Effect of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum applied together with rock phosphate on wheat yield and some soil properties in a calcareous soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 11: 198–205. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1057950
Bektayev, N., Mansurova, K., Kaldybayev, S., Pachikin, K., Erzhanova, K., Absatova, B., 2023. Comprehensive assessment and information database on saline and waterlogged soils in Kazakhstan: Insights from remote sensing technology. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 12: 290–299. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1309746
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Bouyoucos, G.J., 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54: 464–465. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x
Brownrigg, S., McLaughlin, M.J., McBeath, T.M., Vadakattu, G., 2022. Effect of acidifying amendments on P availability in calcareous soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 124:247–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-022-10241-1
Chang, S.C., Jackson, M.L., 1957. Fractionation of soil phosphorus. Soil Science 84: 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195708000-00005
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Fouladidorhani, M., Shayannejad, M., Shariatmadari, H., Mosaddeghi, M.R., Arthur, E., 2020. Biochar, manure, and superabsorbent increased wheat yields and salt redistribution in a saline-sodic soil. Agronomy Journal 112: 5193–5205. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20365
Gharaibeh, M.A., Eltaif, N.I., Shunnar, O.F., 2009. Leaching and reclamation of calcareous saline-sodic soil by moderately saline and moderate-SAR water using gypsum and calcium chloride. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172: 713–719. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200700327
Gharaibeh, M.A., Rusan, M.J., Eltaif, N.I., Shunnar, O.F., 2014. Reclamation of highly calcareous saline-sodic soil using low quality water and phosphogypsum. Applied Water Science 4: 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0189-3
Hassani, A., Azapagic, A., Shokri, N., 2020. Predicting long-term dynamics of soil salinity and sodicity on a global scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117: 33017–33027. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013771117
ISO 10693:1995 Soil Quality—Determination of Carbonate Content—Volumetric Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at [Access date: 06.05.2026]: https://www.iso.org/standard/18781.html
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How to cite
Umbetova, S., Umbetov, U., Kurmanbayev, G., Kalmanova, G., Zhiembai, R., Medetbayeva, S., Maxsudov, S., 2026. Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
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CLASSICAL
Umbetova, S., Umbetov, U., Kurmanbayev, G., Kalmanova, G., Zhiembai, R., Medetbayeva, S., Maxsudov, S., 2026. Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
APA
Umbetova, S., Umbetov, U., Kurmanbayev, G., Kalmanova, G., Zhiembai, R., Medetbayeva, S., & Maxsudov, S. (2026). Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
MLA
Umbetova, S., Umbetov, U., Kurmanbayev, G., Kalmanova, G., Zhiembai, R., Medetbayeva, S., and Maxsudov, S. "Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, (2026) DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
TURABIAN
Umbetova, S., Umbetov, U., Kurmanbayev, G., Kalmanova, G., Zhiembai, R., Medetbayeva, S., and Maxsudov, S. "Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
IEEE
S. Umbetova., U. Umbetov., G. Kurmanbayev., G. Kalmanova., R. Zhiembai., S. Medetbayeva., S. Maxsudov. "Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils" Eurasian J. Soil Sci., vol. , no. , pp. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
ISO690
UMBETOVA, Sholpan ; UMBETOV, Umirbek ; KURMANBAYEV, Galymzhan ; KALMANOVA, Gulzhan ; ZHIEMBAI, Rsaldy ; MEDETBAYEVA, Saltanat ; MAXSUDOV, Shaban Effects of reclamation amendments and subsequent leaching on chemical properties, phosphorus fractionation, and wheat productivity in calcareous sodic soils. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,.DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
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Publication Information
- Article first published online: 05 Ekim 2026
- Manuscript Accepted: 25 Ağustos 2026
- Manuscript Received: 06 Mayıs 2026
- DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2027.16.1.025.040
- Stable URL: https://ejss.fesss.org/manuscript.php?id=4662
