Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Abstract

In laboratory assay, the diversity of bacteria and microscopic fungi and the community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) of microorganisms were observed after the addition of bio-sludge (40 t.ha-1) from a biogas station and addition of bio-fertlizers - AZOTER (10 dm-3.ha-1) to the arable soil with PCR-DGGE and BIOLOG® method (Eco Plates). The differences were recorded in the microbial diversity (bacteria and microscopic fungi) among variants according to the Shannon index. The differences in community of microscopic fungi were markedly higher among the soil samples with the additions of both bio-fertilizers compared to control soil samples. The occurrence of individual OTUs (operational taxonomic units) bacteria and microscopic fungi were different after 105 days of incubation from the status after the 1st day of incubation. The community metabolic diversity (CMD) was influenced by the incubation time (105 days) as well, but not by application of bio-fertilizers. We observed a significant decrease (LSD test, P

Keywords

Bio-fertilizers, microbial diversity, microbial physiological profiling, arable soil

References

<p>Anderson, I.C., Parkin, P.I., Campbell, C.D., 2008. DNA- and RNA-derived assessments of fungal community composition in soil amended with sewage sludge rich in cadmium, copper and zinc. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 40: 2358-2365.</p>

<p>Arthurson, V., 2008. Proper Sanitization of Sewage Sludge: a Critical Issue for a Sustainable Society. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 5267-5275.</p>

<p>Brons, J.K., Van Elsas, J.D., 2008. Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Soil by Denaturing GradientGel Electrophoresis and Clone Libraries as Influenced by Different Reverse Primers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 2195-2107.</p>

<p>Cercioglu, M., Okur B., Deli S., Ongun, A.R., 2014. Changes in physical conditions of a course textured soil by addition of organic wastes. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 3: 7-12.</p>

<p>Crecchio, C., Curci, M., Pizzigallo, M.D.R., Ricciuti, P., Ruggiero, P., 2004. Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 36: 1595-1605.</p>

<p>Franzluebbers, A.J., Wilkinson, S.R., Stuedemann, J.A., 2004. Bermudagrass management in the Southern Piedmont, USA: IX. Trace elements in soil with broiler litter application. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 778&ndash;784.</p>

<p>Garbeva, P., Van Veen, J.A., Van Elsas, J.D., 2004. Microbial diversity in soil: Selection of microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42: 243-270.</p>

<p>Garland, J.L., Mills, A.L., 1991. Classification and character&not;ization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utiliza&not;tion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 2351- 2359.</p>

<p>Ge, Y., Zhang, J.B., Zhang, L.M., Yang, M., He, J.Z., 2008. Long-term fertilization regimes affect bacterial community structure and diversity of an agricultural soil in northern China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 8: 43-50.</p>

<p>Gu, Y., Zhang, X., Tu, S., Lindstr&ouml;m, K., 2009. Soil microbial biomass, crop yields, and bacterial community structure as affected by long-term fertilizer treatments under wheat-rice cropping. European Journal of Soil Biology 45: 239&ndash;246.</p>

<p>Guanghua, W., Junjie, L., Xiaoning, Q., Jian, J., Yang, W., Xiaobing, L. 2008. Effects of fertilization on bacterial community structure and function in a black soil of Dehui region estimated by Biolog and PCR-DGGE methods. Acta Ecologica Sinica 28: 220&minus;226.</p>

<p>Guti&eacute;rrez-rojas, I., Torres-geraldo, A.B., Moreno-Sarmiento, N., 2011. Optimising carbon and nitrogen sources for Azotobacter chroococcum growth. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 2951-2958.</p>

<p>Cherif, H., Ayari, F., Ouzari, H., Marzorati, M., Brusetti, L., Jedidi, N., Hassen, A., Daffonchio, D., 2009, Effects of municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on wheat growth, soil composition and soil bacterial characteristics under Tunisian arid climate. European Journal of Soil Biology 45: 138-145.</p>

<p>Chu, H., Lin, X., Fujii, T., Morimoto, S., Yagi, K., Hu, J., Zhang, J., 2007. Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 39: 2971&ndash;2976.</p>

<p>Laboratory for Microbial Ecology. 2004. Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo. Community level physiological profiling (CLPP). Available at:</p>

<p>http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Sigler/Von_Sigler/LEPR_Protocols_files/CLPP.pdf</p>

<p>Marschner, P.,Yang, C.H., Lieberei, R. Crowley, D.E., 2001. Soil and plant specific effects on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 33: 1437&ndash;1445.</p>

<p>Marschner, P., Kandeler, E., Marschner, B., 2003. Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 35: 453-461.</p>

<p>Odlare, M., Arthurson, V., Pell, M., Svensson, K., Nehrenheim, E., Abubaker, J., 2011. Land application of organic waste &ndash; effects on the soil ecosystem. Applied Energy 88: 2210-2218.</p>

<p>Preston-Mafham, J., Boddy, L., Randerson, P.F., 2002. Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilisation profiles - a critique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 42: 1-14.</p>

<p>Vance E.D., Brookes P.C., Jenkinson D.S., 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 19: 703-707.</p>

<p>Vainio, E.J., Hantula, J., 2000. Direct analysis of wood-inhabiting fungi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified ribosomal DNA. Mycological Research 104: 927-936.</p>

<p>Vessey, J.K., 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil 255: 571-586.</p>

<p>Wu, S.C., Cao, Z.H., Li, Z.G., Cheung, K.C., Wong, M.H., 2005. Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and k solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma 125, 155-166.</p>

<p>Wu, T., Chellemi, D.O., Graham, J.H., Martin, K.J., Rosskopf, E.N., 2008. Comparison of soil bacterial communities under diverse agricultural land management and crop production practices. Microbial Ecology 55: 293&ndash;310.</p>

Abstract
In laboratory assay, the diversity of bacteria and microscopic fungi and the community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) of microorganisms were observed after the addition of bio-sludge (40 t.ha-1) from a biogas station and addition of bio-fertlizers - AZOTER (10 dm-3.ha-1) to the arable soil with PCR-DGGE and BIOLOG® method (Eco Plates). The differences were recorded in the microbial diversity (bacteria and microscopic fungi) among variants according to the Shannon index. The differences in community of microscopic fungi were markedly higher among the soil samples with the additions of both  bio-fertilizers  compared to  control soil samples. The occurrence of individual OTUs (operational taxonomic units) bacteria and microscopic fungi were different after 105 days of incubation from the status after the 1st day of incubation. The community metabolic diversity (CMD) was influenced by the incubation time (105 days) as well, but not by application of bio-fertilizers. We observed a significant decrease (LSD test, P <0.05) in community metabolic diversity (CMD) and average metabolic response  (AMR) of microorganisms in samples collected on the 105th day of the experiment compared to  samples collected on the 1st day of the experiment in all tested samples.

Keywords: Bio-fertilizers, microbial diversity, microbial physiological profiling, arable soil

References

Anderson, I.C., Parkin, P.I., Campbell, C.D., 2008. DNA- and RNA-derived assessments of fungal community composition in soil amended with sewage sludge rich in cadmium, copper and zinc. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 40: 2358-2365.

Arthurson, V., 2008. Proper Sanitization of Sewage Sludge: a Critical Issue for a Sustainable Society. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 5267-5275.

Brons, J.K., Van Elsas, J.D., 2008. Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Soil by Denaturing GradientGel Electrophoresis and Clone Libraries as Influenced by Different Reverse Primers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 2195-2107.

Cercioglu, M., Okur B., Deli S., Ongun, A.R., 2014. Changes in physical conditions of a course textured soil by addition of organic wastes. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 3: 7-12.

Crecchio, C., Curci, M., Pizzigallo, M.D.R., Ricciuti, P., Ruggiero, P., 2004. Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 36: 1595-1605.

Franzluebbers, A.J., Wilkinson, S.R., Stuedemann, J.A., 2004. Bermudagrass management in the Southern Piedmont, USA: IX. Trace elements in soil with broiler litter application. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 778–784.

Garbeva, P., Van Veen, J.A., Van Elsas, J.D., 2004. Microbial diversity in soil: Selection of microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness. Annual Review of Phytopathology 42: 243-270.

Garland, J.L., Mills, A.L., 1991. Classification and character¬ization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utiliza¬tion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 2351- 2359.

Ge, Y., Zhang, J.B., Zhang, L.M., Yang, M., He, J.Z., 2008. Long-term fertilization regimes affect bacterial community structure and diversity of an agricultural soil in northern China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 8: 43-50.

Gu, Y., Zhang, X., Tu, S., Lindström, K., 2009. Soil microbial biomass, crop yields, and bacterial community structure as affected by long-term fertilizer treatments under wheat-rice cropping. European Journal of Soil Biology 45: 239–246.

Guanghua, W., Junjie, L., Xiaoning, Q., Jian, J., Yang, W., Xiaobing, L. 2008. Effects of fertilization on bacterial community structure and function in a black soil of Dehui region estimated by Biolog and PCR-DGGE methods. Acta Ecologica Sinica 28: 220−226.

Gutiérrez-rojas, I., Torres-geraldo, A.B., Moreno-Sarmiento, N., 2011. Optimising carbon and nitrogen sources for Azotobacter chroococcum growth. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 2951-2958.

Cherif, H., Ayari, F., Ouzari, H., Marzorati, M., Brusetti, L., Jedidi, N., Hassen, A., Daffonchio, D., 2009, Effects of municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on wheat growth, soil composition and soil bacterial characteristics under Tunisian arid climate. European Journal of Soil Biology 45: 138-145.

Chu, H., Lin, X., Fujii, T., Morimoto, S., Yagi, K., Hu, J., Zhang, J., 2007. Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 39: 2971–2976.

Laboratory for Microbial Ecology. 2004. Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo. Community level physiological profiling (CLPP). Available at:

http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Sigler/Von_Sigler/LEPR_Protocols_files/CLPP.pdf

Marschner, P.,Yang, C.H., Lieberei, R. Crowley, D.E., 2001. Soil and plant specific effects on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 33: 1437–1445.

Marschner, P., Kandeler, E., Marschner, B., 2003. Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 35: 453-461.

Odlare, M., Arthurson, V., Pell, M., Svensson, K., Nehrenheim, E., Abubaker, J., 2011. Land application of organic waste – effects on the soil ecosystem. Applied Energy 88: 2210-2218.

Preston-Mafham, J., Boddy, L., Randerson, P.F., 2002. Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilisation profiles - a critique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 42: 1-14.

Vance E.D., Brookes P.C., Jenkinson D.S., 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Biolgy and Biochemistry 19: 703-707.

Vainio, E.J., Hantula, J., 2000. Direct analysis of wood-inhabiting fungi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified ribosomal DNA. Mycological Research 104: 927-936.

Vessey, J.K., 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil 255: 571-586.

Wu, S.C., Cao, Z.H., Li, Z.G., Cheung, K.C., Wong, M.H., 2005. Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and k solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma 125, 155-166.

Wu, T., Chellemi, D.O., Graham, J.H., Martin, K.J., Rosskopf, E.N., 2008. Comparison of soil bacterial communities under diverse agricultural land management and crop production practices. Microbial Ecology 55: 293–310.