Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Abstract

Effects of farmyard manure treatments on some soil structural parameters such as, aggregate stability (AS), geometric mean weight (GMWD) and mean weight (MWD) diameters, fragmentation (D) and mass (Dm) fractal dimensions, bulk density (BD) and organic C (OC) contents of aggregates were determined in a clay soil. Application of 67 Mg ha-1 farmyard manure to Vertic Haplustoll soil decreased AS 12.14% compared with the control. Manure treatment increased the proportion of microaggregates in the fractions 1.00 mm in size. While OC contents of aggregates increased between 22.8% and 123.4%, BD values decreased between 0.8% and 16.6% with the manure treatment. Fragmentation (D) and mass (Dm) fractal dimensions were increased with decreasing numbers of macroaggregates of the clay soil. GMWD (1.16 mm) and MWD (1.86 mm) obtained in the manure treatment were lower than that in the control treatment (1.20 mm and 1.95 mm, respectively). Although OC content of the aggregates increased with the manure treatment, the number of macroaggregates of clay soil decreased with decreasing AS.

Keywords

Manure, aggregation, fractal dimensions, organic carbon

References

<p>Aggelides, S.M., Londra, P.A., 2000. Effects of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource Technology 71: 253-259.</p>

<p>Bronick,, C.J., Lal, R., 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124: 3-22.</p>

<p>Busscher, W.J., Bauer, P.J., 2003. Soil strength, cotton root growth and lint yield in a southeastern USA coastal loamy sand. Soil and Tillage Research 74: 151&ndash;159.</p>

<p>Demiralay, I., 1993. Methods of soil physical analyses. Atat&uuml;rk University Agricultural Faculty Publications. Erzurum-Turkey, 131 p. (in Turkish).</p>

<p>Ghosh, S., Lockwood, P., Daniel, H., King, K., Hulugalle, N., Kristiansen, P., 2010. Short-term effects of organic amendments on properties of a Vertisol. Waste Management &amp; Research 28 (12): 1087-1095.</p>

<p>G&uuml;lser, C., 2006. Effect of forage cropping treatments on soil structure and relationship with fractal dimensions. Geoderma 131: 33-44.</p>

<p>Haynes, R.J., Naidu, R., 1998. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51: 123&ndash;137.</p>

<p>Hillel, D., 1982: Introduction to Soil Physics. Academic Press Ltd., 14-28 Oval Road, London.</p>

<p>Kacar, B., 1994. Bitki ve toprağın kimyasal analizleri III. Toprak analizleri.Ankara &Uuml;niv. Ziraat Fak. Eğitim Araş. ve Gel.Vakfı Yay., No:3 Ankara (in Turkish).</p>

<p>Kemper, W.D., Rosenau, R.C., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. Pages 425-442 in A. Klute, ed. Methods of soil analysis, 2nd ed. Part I. ASA, Madison, Wisconsin.</p>

<p>Khaleel, R., Reddy, K.R., Overcash, M.R., 1981. Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality 10: 133-141.</p>

<p>Kushwaha, C.P., Tripathi, S.K., Singh, K.P., 2001. Soil organic matter and water-stable aggregates under different tillage and residue conditions in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology 16: 229-241.</p>

<p>Martinez-Mena, L., Deeks, K., Williams, A.G., 1999. An evaluation of fragmentation fractal dimension technique to determine soil erodibility. Geoderma 90, 87-89.</p>

<p>Matsi, T., Lithourgidis, A.S., Gagianas, A.A., 2003. Effects of injected liquid cattle manure on growth and yield of winter wheat and soil characteristics. Agronomy Journal 95(3): 592-596.</p>

<p>Perfect, E., Kay, B.D., 1991. Fractal theory applied to soil aggregation. Soil Science Society America Journal 55: 1552-1558.</p>

<p>Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K., 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Science Society America Journal 64: 1042-1049.</p>

<p>Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manuel. USDA Handbook No:18 Washington.</p>

<p>Turcotte, D.L., 1986. Fractals and fragmentation. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (B2): 1921-1926.</p>

<p>Tyler, S.W., Wheatcraft, S.W., 1992. Fractal scaling of soil particle-size distributions: Analysis and limitations. Soil Science Society America Journal 56: 362-369.</p>

<p>Usowics, B., Lipiec, J., 2009. Spatial distribution of soil penetration resistance as affected by soil compaction: The fractal approach. Ecological Complexity 6: 263-271.</p>

<p>Van Bavel, C.H.M., 1949. Mean weight-diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Science Society American Proceedings 14: 20-23.</p>

<p>Whalen, J.K., Chang, C., Clayton, G.W., Carefoot, J.P., 2000. Cattle manure amendments can increase the pH of acid soils. Soil Science Society America Journal 64: 962-966.</p>

Abstract
Effects of farmyard manure treatments on some soil structural parameters such as, aggregate stability (AS), geometric mean weight (GMWD) and mean weight (MWD) diameters, fragmentation (D) and mass (Dm) fractal dimensions, bulk density (BD) and organic C (OC) contents of aggregates were determined in a clay soil. Application of 67 Mg ha-1 farmyard manure to Vertic Haplustoll soil decreased AS 12.14% compared with the control. Manure treatment increased the proportion of microaggregates in the fractions <1.00 mm in size and decreased the proportion of macroaggregates in the fractions >1.00 mm in size. While OC contents of aggregates increased between 22.8% and 123.4%, BD values decreased between 0.8% and 16.6% with the manure treatment. Fragmentation (D) and mass (Dm) fractal dimensions were increased with decreasing numbers of macroaggregates of the clay soil. GMWD (1.16 mm) and MWD (1.86 mm) obtained in the manure treatment were lower than that in the control treatment (1.20 mm and 1.95 mm, respectively). Although OC content of the aggregates increased with the manure treatment, the number of macroaggregates of clay soil decreased with decreasing AS.

Keywords: Manure, aggregation, fractal dimensions, organic carbon

References

Aggelides, S.M., Londra, P.A., 2000. Effects of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource Technology 71: 253-259.

Bronick,, C.J., Lal, R., 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124: 3-22.

Busscher, W.J., Bauer, P.J., 2003. Soil strength, cotton root growth and lint yield in a southeastern USA coastal loamy sand. Soil and Tillage Research 74: 151–159.

Demiralay, I., 1993. Methods of soil physical analyses. Atatürk University Agricultural Faculty Publications. Erzurum-Turkey, 131 p. (in Turkish).

Ghosh, S., Lockwood, P., Daniel, H., King, K., Hulugalle, N., Kristiansen, P., 2010. Short-term effects of organic amendments on properties of a Vertisol. Waste Management & Research 28 (12): 1087-1095.

Gülser, C., 2006. Effect of forage cropping treatments on soil structure and relationship with fractal dimensions. Geoderma 131: 33-44.

Haynes, R.J., Naidu, R., 1998. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51: 123–137.

Hillel, D., 1982: Introduction to Soil Physics. Academic Press Ltd., 14-28 Oval Road, London.

Kacar, B., 1994. Bitki ve toprağın kimyasal analizleri III. Toprak analizleri.Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Eğitim Araş. ve Gel.Vakfı Yay., No:3 Ankara (in Turkish).

Kemper, W.D., Rosenau, R.C., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. Pages 425-442 in A. Klute, ed. Methods of soil analysis, 2nd ed. Part I. ASA, Madison, Wisconsin.

Khaleel, R., Reddy, K.R., Overcash, M.R., 1981. Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality 10: 133-141.

Kushwaha, C.P., Tripathi, S.K., Singh, K.P., 2001. Soil organic matter and water-stable aggregates under different tillage and residue conditions in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology 16: 229-241.

Martinez-Mena, L., Deeks, K., Williams, A.G., 1999. An evaluation of fragmentation fractal dimension technique to determine soil erodibility. Geoderma 90, 87-89.

Matsi, T., Lithourgidis, A.S., Gagianas, A.A., 2003. Effects of injected liquid cattle manure on growth and yield of winter wheat and soil characteristics. Agronomy Journal 95(3): 592-596.

Perfect, E., Kay, B.D., 1991. Fractal theory applied to soil aggregation. Soil Science Society America Journal 55: 1552-1558.

Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K., 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Science Society America Journal 64: 1042-1049.

Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manuel. USDA Handbook No:18 Washington.

Turcotte, D.L., 1986. Fractals and fragmentation. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (B2): 1921-1926.

Tyler, S.W., Wheatcraft, S.W., 1992. Fractal scaling of soil particle-size distributions: Analysis and limitations. Soil Science Society America Journal 56: 362-369.

Usowics, B., Lipiec, J., 2009. Spatial distribution of soil penetration resistance as affected by soil compaction: The fractal approach. Ecological Complexity 6: 263-271.

Van Bavel, C.H.M., 1949. Mean weight-diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Science Society American Proceedings 14: 20-23.

Whalen, J.K., Chang, C., Clayton, G.W., Carefoot, J.P., 2000. Cattle manure amendments can increase the pH of acid soils. Soil Science Society America Journal 64: 962-966.