EJSS

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Eurasian J Soil Sci

2147 - 4249

Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.14486

10.18393/ejss.14486

Application of Pb isotopes to track the sources and routes of metal uptake in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Bader Albogami b.albogami@student.reading.ac.uk

Mark Hodson

Stuart Black

230 - 237

2014-07-10

2014-10-17

2014-10-30

2014-11-10

The aim of this work is to determine the important routes of metal uptake in earthworms to enable a better understanding of the primary source of metal uptake in the environment. Earthworms can take up chemicals from pore water and soil both by ingestion and through contact with their skin. However, it is unclear which pathway is the most important for metal uptake. An experiment was designed in which both soil chemistry and foods were artificially manipulated, producing different pools of soil lead (Pb) with different isotope compositions at a range of Pb concentrations. Earthworms (Eiseniafetida) were exposed to different lead concentrations through the addition of 500 mg/kg lead oxide (Pb3O4) to soil and 500 mg/kg lead nitrate to food (manure), with distinctly different isotopic compositions. Earthworms were also exposed to combinations of soil only and soil plus food in order to quantify the proportions of Pb taken up from each component. After acid digestion of the earthworm tissues, the Pb isotope composition of the accumulated lead in the earthworms was measured using a Thermofisher, iCAPQ, ICP-MS for 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb ratios measured relative to NIST SRM 981, allowing us to determine the pathway of lead uptake. Mixing calculations have been used to deconvolute the lead isotope signatures and identify the amount of lead taken up by the earthworms from the different soil pools. Differences in bioaccumulation factors and the relative amounts of lead accumulated from different pools changes as a function of concentration in the different pools. Earthworms were shown to uptake lead from bothsoil and food sources through ingestion route. Our findings suggest that a major pathway of lead uptake in earthworm species is heavily influenced by their ecology.

Earthworms, metals, uptake, lead, isotopic

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.01670

10.18393/ejss.01670

Usage of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and extractive fractionation in studies of the Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions in soils

Dina Nevidomskaya dnevidomskaya@mail.ru

Tatiana Minkina

Alexander Soldatov

Galina Motuzova

Yuliya Podkovyrina

238 - 244

2014-07-12

2014-10-17

2014-10-30

2014-11-10

XANES spectroscopy is an effective method for the study of bonds between metals and soil components. The study of structural organization in different soil samples and soil phases saturated with Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions by using XANES allowed determining the mechanism of their interaction with soil phases and all the chemical bindings taken place in the course of this process. Changes in the structure of the metal ion, in particular breakdown of the symmetry of electron orbits of atoms, take place due to interaction with soil components. Application of this method demonstrated that the state of copper and zinc introduced in chernozem as oxides did not change after one year of incubation. Copper is absorbed after being introduced as soluble salts, and copper ions are incorporated in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites of minerals and bonded with humic materials at the expense of covalent bond and the formation of coordination humate copper complexes. Zinc included into octahedric structures of layered minerals and hydro(oxides) can be inner-and outer-sphere adsorbed. It is shown that the action of the metal bound to soil components becomes weakened in case of increasing the Cu and Zn load (from 2000 to 10000 mg/kg) especially applied in the form of soluble salts. Extractive fractionation of metal compounds in chernozem samples, artificially contaminated with copper and zinc salts serves as evidence of absorbing the applied Cu2+ ions by the soil organic matter and Zn2+ ions – by silicates, carbonates, and Fe-Mn oxides.

XANES spectroscopy, extractive fractionation, compounds, copper, zinc

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.12357

10.18393/ejss.12357

Swelling clays and salt-affected soils : Demixing of Na / Ca clays as the rationale for discouraging the use of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)

Guilhem Bourrie guilhem.bourrie@paca.inra.fr

245 - 253

2014-07-01

2014-10-17

2014-11-01

2014-11-10

Sodium adsorption ratio SAR defined as SAR= (Na)/ v(Ca+Mg)/2 where concentrations of cations in solution are expressed in meq /L has long been considered as correlated to exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) on clay minerals or soil exchange complex, and as the key concept to explain swelling of clay minerals and the difficulties of reclaiming salt-affected soils. Though its basis is empirical, it was alleged to be theoretically justified on the basis of ion exchange, derived from the Gapon convention. However, it has long been challenged on the basis of both field observations and experimental evidence : it fails to account for the fact that calcium and magnesium do not play the same role, while potassium is absent from the formula ; calcium concentration must be “corrected “when calcite is present etc. There exist specific ion effects. Experimental measurements of the decrease of permeability when solutions are diluted led Quirk and Schofield (1955) to define the concept of critical threshold, and to show that potassium and magnesium play an intermediate role between sodium and calcium. This threshold is simply determined by the concentration of calcium, irrespective of the value of SAR or ESP. Indeed, demixing of Ca-Na clay minerals during ion exchange, a phenomenon well known since Glaeser and Mering (1954), implies that there exists an interaction between adjacent sites. This undermines the theoretical basis of SAR : the derivation of SAR from ion exchange equilibria implies to use an equilibrium constant. This parameter is no more constant if demixing occurs. The results obtained are positive : demixing leads to expulsion of sodium from inner exchange surfaces and its replacement by calcium, according to the “three crystals pore”proposed by Quirk (2003b). Sodium can then be more easily leached, as permeability is maintained by clusters of Ca-sites. Calcium concentration in solution appears thus as the simpler parameter to guide saltaffected soils reclamation when swelling clays are present.

SAR, sodium, calcium, clay, swelling, ESP, demixing, sodium adsorption ratio

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.15688

10.18393/ejss.15688

Statistic and probability characteristics of rain factor R in Slovak Republic

Lucia Maderková

Jaroslav Antal jaroslav.antal@uniag.sk

Ján Čimo

254 - 259

2014-07-02

2014-10-17

2014-11-01

2014-11-10

Because soil erosion which is caused by rain is also an important phenomenon in the Slovak Republic, higher emphasis is impute to research of water erosion caused by rain and that is why we proceeded to calculate the rain factor R. Based on data which were provided by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Insitute for 6 selected meteorological stations in Slovakia, we accomplished to the calculation of rain factor R. For the calculation we used the methodology by Wischmeier-Smith (1978) and results we comparing with the methodology of Hudson (KE>1) and with already published values of the Research Institute of Soil Science and Conservation. We also created a line exceeded of probability from the calculated data, which gives us detailed information on the occurrence of the calculated R values 1 time per 100, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 year. On the basis of calculated data we created a distribution of R factor values for individual months of the growing season and found out that the highest percentage fall on the summer months June, July, August and by contrast the lowest to April and October, so it is necessary to impute emphasis to soil erosion control especially in summer months. Comparing the methodology of Hudson (KE>1) and methodology of Wischemeier-Smith, we found out that the Hudson methodology gives almost 2 times lower value of R-factor than with using the methodology of Wischmeier-Smith.

Erosion, erosive effective rainfall, R-factor, Wischmeier-Smith, probability

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.73419

10.18393/ejss.73419

Work of soil and risks of agricultural erosion: Case of the itinerary technical cereal on tray of Mostaganem-Northwest Algeria

Mohamed Larid laridsid@yahoo.fr

Abdelkader Boualem

Rachid Khatem

Abdellah Bakhti

Amina Hamadi

260 - 266

2014-06-13

2014-10-17

2014-11-01

2014-11-10

With a semi-arid Mediterranean climate and viticulture vocation, the tray of Mostaganem (North-West of Algeria) has become a region of great crops. Subject to increase mechanization and inappropriate tillage practices, farm lands are exposed to erosion that seriously weighs the physical and socio-economic contexts. An itinerary technique (cereal) is chosen to study along the slope, surface and deep structural changes of soil, humidity and the fine particles (

Erosivity, erodability, structural state, technical itinerary, cereal, tray of Mostaganem, tillage.

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.87170

10.18393/ejss.87170

Biological degradation of chernozems under irrigation

Oksana Naydyonova oxana9soilmicrob@gmail.com

Sviatoslav Baliuk

267 - 273

2014-05-18

2014-10-17

2014-11-01

2014-11-10

We studied the changes in the state of microbial cenosis of Ukraine’s chernozems under irrigation. Considerable part of Ukraine’s chernozems is located in the areas where humidification is insufficient and unstable. Irrigation is a soil-reclamation measure for chernozems of Ukrainian Forest-steppe and Steppe which enables getting the assured yield, especially vegetable and fodder crops. At the same time, irrigation is a powerful anthropogenic factor that affects the soil, causes a significant transformation of many of its properties and regimes including biological ones. Often these changes are negative. The purpose of our investigation was to identify changes in the state of microbial cenoses of chernozem soils under irrigation which depend on such factors as the quality of irrigation water, the duration and intensity of irrigation, the initial properties of soil, the structure of crop rotation, usage of fertilizing systems and agroameliorative techniques. We identified direction and evaluated a degree of changes in biological properties of chernozems under influence of irrigation in different agro-irrigational and soil-climatic conditions. In the longterm stationary field experiments we identified the following biological indices of irrigated soils and their non-irrigated analogues: a number of microorganisms which belong to main ecologicaltrophic groups, activity of soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, invertase, phenol oxidase), soil phytotoxic activity, cellulose destroying capacity of soil, indices of oligotrophy and mineralization, summary biological index (SBI) and index of biological degradation (BDI). Results of researches showed that irrigation unbalanced the soil ecosystem and stipulated the forming of microbial cenosis with new parameters. Long-term intensive irrigation of typical chernozem (Kharkiv Region) with fresh water under condition of 4-fields vegetable crop rotation led to the degradation changes of its microbial cenosis such as reduction the number of microorganisms and the diversity of fungi species, repression of cellulose destroying capacity, decrease invertase activity and the rate of humification, intensifying mineralization processes and soil toxicity increasing. Long-term irrigation of ordinary chernozem (Kharkiv Region) with fresh water in moderate regime under 7- field crop rotation including alfalfa caused no disturbances of microbial cenosis. In this case parameters of biological indices did not deviate from the level of its non-irrigated analogue. Irrigation with saline water causes more profound negative changes of microbial cenosis of chernozem, which not always can be corrected using agroameliorative techniques. Intensive irrigation with saline water with total mineralization from 1.2 to 2.2 g/l of ordinary chernozem (Odesa Region) for 13 years has led to a significant degradation changes in the structure and functioning of its microbial cenosis, its radical alteration such as oppression of microflora, decrease in the number of its main groups by 30 – 40 %, intensification of its mineralization function. Application of agroameliorative techniques (such as annually use of phosphogypsum 3 t/ha) or /and complex measures (phosphogypsum 3 t/ha annually + N150P90K60 + manure 18 t/ha of crop rotation)) enable to regulate of soil biodynamic processes and partially or completely eliminate the phenomena of biological degradation. It was stated that after the cessation of irrigation the degradation changes of ordinary chernozem’s biological properties caused by irrigation with saline water were gradually restored.

Irrigation, chernozem, microbial cenosis, biological indices, soil biological degradation, ecologica

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.10069

10.18393/ejss.10069

Mycorrhizas effects on nutrient interception in two riparian grass species

Hamid Asghari hamidasghari@gmail.com

Timothy Cavagnaro

274 - 285

2014-07-08

2014-10-17

2014-11-02

2014-11-10

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant growth and soil nutrient depletion are well known, but their roles as nutrient interceptor in riparian areas are less clear. The effects of AM fungi on growth, soil nutrient depletion and nutrient leaching were investigated in columns with two riparian grass species. Mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal (NM) plants were grown in a mixture of riparian soil and sand (60% and 40%, w/w respectively) for 8 weeks under glasshouse conditions. Mycorrhizal colonization, AM external hyphae development, plant growth, nutrient uptake and NO3, NH4 and available P in soil and leachate were measured. Mycorrhizal fungi highly colonized roots of exotic grass Phalaris aquatica and significantly increased plant growth and nutrient uptake. Columns containing of AM Phalaris aquatica had higher levels of AM external hyphae, lower levels of NO3, NH4 and available P in soil and leachate than NM columns. Although roots of native grass Austrodanthonia caespitosa had moderately high levels of AM colonization and AM external hyphae in soil, AM inoculation had no significant effects on plant growth, soil and leachate concentration of NO3 and NH4. But AM inoculation decreased available soil P concentration in deeper soil layer and had no effects on dissolved P in leachate. Although both grass species had nearly the same biomass, results showed that leachate collected from Austrodanthonia caespitosa columns significantly had lower levels of NO3, NH4 and dissolve P than leachate from exotic Phalaris aquatica columns. Taken together, these data shows that native plant species intercept higher nutrient than exotic plant species and had no responsiveness to AM fungi related to nutrient leaching, but AM fungi play an important role in interception of nutrient in exotic plant species.

Mycorrhiza, exotic and native plants, leaching, nutrient

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.68615

10.18393/ejss.68615

Influence of soil properties on yield and quality of tobacco plant in Akhisar region of Turkey

Sezai Delibacak sezai.delibacak@ege.edu.tr

Ali Ongun

Sıdıka Ekren

286 - 292

2014-07-18

2014-10-17

2014-11-02

2014-11-10

The research was carried out in Akhisar environs where tobacco was very popular in the period of 2004-2005. In this study, 9 fields were selected which are known to show differences in terms of the quality and efficiency in the villages called Hacıosmanlar Arabacıbozköy, Dereköy, Mecidiye and Süleymanlı. In order to find out the differences caused by the efficiency, the some properties of soils were examined. The relationships between yield and quality of tobacco and some soil properties were determined by correlation tests. After two years of the study, total alkoloid (nicotine), total reducing sugar, total nitrogen, and raw ash were measured as 0.126-1.410%, 7.81-33.71%, 0.45-3.24 %, 8.49-30.01%, respectively. The yield and total reducing sugar were decreased by increasing bulk density as an important soil property. On the other side raw ash content of tobacco increased. It is recommended that low raw ash and high sugar content are required for tobacco quality. With this content, The yield and quality of tobacco can increase with taken some necessary measurement for decreasing bulk density. The nicotin content of tobacco increased with increasing available Mg, Na and Cu content in soil. On the other side, the raw ash content in tobacco decreased with increasing total salt and available Fe, Zn and Mn in soil. It was determined that there was a positif relationship between salt in soil and reducing sugar in soil which is another quality factor for tobacco. In the research, some results were reached as mentioned above. However, further studies must be carried out in the next years to determine relationships between soil properties and yield and quality of tobacco. It can be possible to improve yield and quality of tobacco with using these relations for producers.

Tobacco, soil properties, quality, yield, Akhisar

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.33876

10.18393/ejss.33876

Anthropoghenic soil contamination connected with active mines, smelting and plants in the Republic of Macedonia

Todor Serafimovski todor.serafimovski@ugd.edu.mk

Goran Tasev

Violeta Stefanova

293 - 302

2014-07-18

2014-10-17

2014-11-03

2014-11-10

A few anthropogenic pollutants at the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, were studied, three Pb-Zn mines with three mills, one copper mine with mill and copper leaching facility, one Pb-Zn smelting and several mines and factories for raw minerals such is the Usje in our capital Skopje. At the Usje factory were measured values in ranges of 1.46÷2.23% Fe, 440÷940 mg kg-1 Mn, 93.4÷104.71mg kg-1Ni, 58.57÷83.1 mg kg-1Zn, 23.1÷34.9 mgkg-1 Pb, 42.30÷60.3 mg kg-1 Cu and 0.59÷1.61 mgkg-1Cd. The concentrations of heavy metals at Veles former smelting Pb-Zn plant were in the range: 20÷1823 mg kg-1Pb, 29÷2395 mg kg-1Zn, 28÷65 mgkg-1Cd, 27÷81 mg kg-1 Cu, 39÷164 mg kg-1Ni, 508÷938 mgkg-1Mn and 1.6÷3.8% Fe, all of them above reference values. Around the Feni smelting plant concentrations of particular pollution elements were in the range: 16÷31 mg kg-1Pb, 117÷286 mgkg-1Zn, 13÷30 mg kg-1Co, 43÷119 mg kg-1 Cu, 158÷292 mg kg-1Ni, 519÷903 mgkg-1Mn, 119÷236 mg kg-1 Cr and 2.24÷3.79% Fe. At the ToranicaPb-Zn mine all the measured values multiplexed above the standard values. Enrichment factors ranged from, low 3.75 for nickel up to 362.5 for zinc and extreme 1587.5 for lead. The Zletovo Pb-Zn mine has been characterized by all the measured values multiplexed above the standard values with an exception of nickel. Enrichment factors ranged from mediate ones such were those for copper of 20.8, cadmium of 28.7, arsenic of 32.5 up to high ones for zinc with 341.7 and lead 925. In regards to SasaPb-Zn mine all the measured values multiplexed above the standard values with an exception of nickel. Enrichment factors ranged from low for manganese of 12.14 and arsenic of 15.72, median for copper of 59.15, high for cadmium of 126 and extremely high for zinc with 892.7 and lead 1201.9. In regards to the Bucim copper mine the median values for Cu in samples were 396 mg kg-1 and the ranges from 94.8 to 1171 mg kg-1, for the Topolnica village the median values in samples were 150 mg kg-1 with ranges from 52.5 to 1183 mg kg-1 and for the Bučim village the median values were 145 mg kg-1 and the ranges from 85.3 to 317 mg kg-1.

Heavy metals, contamination, mines, anthropogenic, R. Macedonia

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.87903

10.18393/ejss.87903

Influence of temperature and organic matter content on soil respiration in a deciduous oak forest

Zsolt Kotroczó kotroczo.zsolt@gmail.com

Zsuzsa Veres

Borbála Biró

János Tóth

István Fekete

303 - 310

2014-07-11

2014-10-17

2014-11-03

2014-11-10

The increasing temperature enhances soil respiration differently depend on different conditions (soil moisture, soil organic matter, the activity of soil microbes). It is an essential factor to predicting the effect of climate change on soil respiration. In a temperate deciduous forest (North-Hungary) we added or removal aboveground and belowground litter to determine total soil respiration. We investigated the relationship between total soil CO2 efflux, soil moisture and soil temperature. Soil CO2 efflux was measured at each plot using chamber based soil respiration measurements. We determined the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The effect of doubled litter was less than the effect of removal. We found that temperature was more influential in the control of soil respiration than soil moisture in litter removal treatments, particularly in the wetter root exclusion treatments (NR and NI) (R2: 0.49-0.61). Soil moisture (R2: 0.18-0.24) and temperature (R2: 0.18-0.20) influenced soil respiration similarly in treatments, where soil was drier (Control, Double Litter, Double Wood). A significantly greater increase in temperature induced higher soil respiration were significantly higher (2-2.5-fold) in root exclusion treatments, where soil was wetter throughout the year, than in control and litter addition treatments. The highest bacterial and fungal count was at the DL treatment but the differences is not significant compared to the Control. The bacterial number at the No Litter, No Root, No Input treatment was significantly lower at the Control. Similar phenomenon can be observed at the fungal too, but the differences are not significant. The results of soil respiration suggest that the soil aridity can reduce soil respiration increases with the temperature increase. Soil bacterial and fungal count results show the higher organic matter content and soil surface cover litter favors the activity.

Added litter, removed litter, carbon-cycle, CO2 efflux, DIRT