EJSS

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Eurasian J Soil Sci

2147 - 4249

Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.07444

10.18393/ejss.07444

Discriminating between biotic and abiotic contributions to CO2 efflux from permаfrost soil

Albina Danilova danilova7alb@yandex.ru

Natalia Barashkova

Aleksandra Аrjakova

Basiona Ustinova

152 - 156

2014-07-13

2014-10-14

2014-10-25

2014-11-05

The rate of carbon dioxide efflux (CDE) from permafrost cryoarid floodplain sandy loam soil were determined without roots and crop residues contribution. The research site was located at the Experimental Station “Marhinsky” near the city of Yakutsk (62°08´51´´N 129°45´45´E). Fallow systems: conventional (CnF, found in 2003) where weeds were removed by cultivation and conservation (CnsF, found in 2008 ) – where soil has not been treated after ploughing perennial grasses and weeds were removed manually. CDE was measured in one week intervals during growing season using static chamber methodology. Each chamber (n=3) was placed in the middle of a square with 1m side length. CO2 was absorbed by 1n NaOH and the amount of CCO2 was determined by titration. The duration of each exposition amounted to 48 hours. Cumulative production of C-CO2 was calculated on the basis of daily average speed of CO2 emissions by the method of linear interpolation. In the CnF from 6th to 11th year of the experiment (2008-2013) CDE was about 800-900 kg/ha annually during the vegetation period. In CnsF after the first year of ploughing up CDE amounted 2,500 + 190 (mean + 095 confidence interval), in the next 2-5 years has stabilized at a level of 1,500+150 kg C-CO2 ha-1. In the 6th year (2013), which was characterized by an unusually early warm spring (2 weeks earlier than average) and humid summer (annual norm was exceeded in 1.5 times), CDE on the CnsF reached 2,100+150 kg C-CO2 ha-1. In CnF changes were not detected. Thus, in the present climatic conditions of Central Yakutia lower steady state of CDE from the investigated soil makes up about 800 – 900, the upper level makes up 1300 – 1500 kg C-CO2 ha-1. The increase in CO2 production by soil with increasing warmth and moisture vegetation period (approximately 500 kg C-CO2 ha-1) was negated by the same increase carbon sequestration in plant biomass.

Greenhouse gases, permafrost soil, CO2 efflux

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.76445

10.18393/ejss.76445

Soil organic matter and soil acidity in Mangrove areas in the river Paraiba Estuary, Cabedelo, Paraiba, Brazil

Renata Vasconcelos

Vanessa Gomes

Diego de Lucena

Orione da Silva

Antonio Sousa

Alexandre D'Andrea alexandre.dandrea@ifpb.edu.br

157 - 162

2014-07-19

2014-10-14

2014-10-25

2014-11-05

Mangrove ecosystems are of great environmental significance, because of their fragility and role in feeding and breeding various animal species. In northeastern Brazil, the disorderly occupation of estuarine areas and the urban sprawl have led to a considerable loss of the original area occupied by mangroves. In the municipality of Cabedelo, State of Paraíba, there are about 4,900 ha of remnant mangrove areas in the estuarine complex of the Paraíba River. However, information about the attributes of mangrove soils at this location is quite scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil organic matter and soil acidity in mangroves located in the estuary of the Paraíba River, State of Paraíba, Brazil, in order to increase the database of soil attributes in this region. The study area is in local influence of the Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest (Flona), an environmental conservation unit of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. For the choice of sampling points, we considered an area that receives direct influence of the eviction of domestic and industrial effluents. The soil of the study area is an “Organossolo Háplico” in Brazilian Soil Classification (Histosol), and was sampled at four point sites: one upstream of the effluent discharge (P1), one in the watercourse receiving effluent water (P2), one downstream of the effluent discharge (P3) and another near Flona (P4), at 0-20 and 20-40 cm, in four replications in time (28/08/2012 in the morning and afternoon, and 21/01/2013 in the morning and afternoon). Potential acidity, pH and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. No significant differences were detected in the potential acidity of the four collection sites, which ranged from 0.38 to 0.45 cmolc dm-3. Soil pH was greatest at point P4 (7.0) and lowest at point P1 (5.8). The SOM was highest at point P1 (86.4 %) and lowest at P2 (77.9 %). The attributes related to soil acidity were not sensitive to indicate differences in the environments we evaluated, and seem not to indicate the contamination of mangroves by discharge of sewage into water bodies that border these environments. The high organic matter content of soils in the mangrove may have helped avoid significant fluctuations in soil acidity, because of the large buffering capacity.

Organic carbon, conservation systems, soil aggregates, sustainability

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.69645

10.18393/ejss.69645

Spectral estimation of soil water content in visible and near infra-red range

Attila Nagy attilanagy@agr.unideb.hu

Péter Riczu

Bernadett Gálya

János Tamás

163 - 171

2014-07-01

2014-10-14

2014-10-25

2014-11-05

Soils can be examined on the basis of spectral data, using such methods with which the reflected radiation can be divided into a large number of (several hundreds) small spectral channel (some nm). Based on the spectral characteristics of the soils, or the different index numbers calculated from hyperspectral data water content of soils can be well characterized. The examined soil samples were coming from different apple orchards of which soils had different physical characteristics (sandy loamy and clay). The goals of my experiments were the evaluation of spectral measurement method for soil content detection, and to carry out algorithms for fast field scale spectral evaluation of different soil water content. The spectral measuring was carried out by laboratory scale AvaSpec 2048 spectrometer at 400 – 1000 nm wavelength interval with 0.6 nm spectral resolutions and by ASD FieldSpec Junior at 350 – 2500 nm. After drying, dry soil samples were watered by 2.5 m/m% till maximal saturation, and each wetting was measured spectrally. Based on spectral properties, reflectances were decreased in the whole spectral range within the continuous wetting due to the high absorption characteristics of water. The most water sensitive spectral ranges were selected by principal component, and such algorithms were created, with which the water content can be detectable in the certain soil. The algorithms can facilitate farmers for irrigation scheduling of their orchards. These results can also be utilizable in precision water management, since it can be a basis for such integrated active sensors with LED or laser light source, measuring reflectance at the certain spectral range, which can facilitate real time water status assessment of orchards.

Spectral index, soil moisture, reflectance

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.86540

10.18393/ejss.86540

Role of mineral matrix composition and properties in the transformation of corn residues

David Pinskiy pinsky43@mail.ru

Anastasiya Maltseva

Berta Zolotareva

172 - 181

2014-05-15

2014-10-14

2014-10-25

2014-11-05

The influence of the composition and properties of the mineral matrix in soils on the humification of corn residues was studied. The substrate (silica sand, loam, silica sand + 10% bentonite, or silica sand + 30% kaolinite) was mixed with 10% corn residues (milled to 3–5 mm) and incubated under stationary conditions for 6–19 months. Sampling for the analysis was performed every month, and a few times in the first month. The dynamics of mineralization and humification of plant residues was studied by applying elemental and bulk analyses of neogenic organic matter (OM), densitometric fractionation of substrates, FTIR spectroscopy, solid-phase 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with an electron microprobe. It was shown that the humification processes had a wavelike character for loam and sand substrates, which could be explained by the transformation of the microorganism populations together with the change in the amount and quality of OM in the system. The main mechanism for the stabilization of neogenic OM was adsorption on a mineral matrix with formation of relatively resistant compounds. This adsorption can be selective, depending on the composition and properties of the mineral matrix. The FTIR and 13C-NMR analyses of OM distribution in different substrates and densitometric fractions showed that sand and heavy fractions (HF >2.2 g/cm3) were enriched with compounds of an aromatic nature and polypeptides. Light fractions (LF-2, 1.4–2.2 g/cm3) accumulated compounds that also contained alkyl and carboxyl groups. The sandy substrate and HF have higher aromaticity indices than LF-2. Higher aromaticity index values of humus substances in the sandy substrate and HF in the loamy substrate, compared to LF-2, evidenced the formation of steady aromatic compounds, in which there may be kernels of humic acids (HA). We do not exclude the possibility of the matrix synthesis of the HA-like substances.

Humification, humic substances, mineral substrate, densitometric fractionation

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.98434

10.18393/ejss.98434

Determination of plant available boron in agricultural soil by using voltammetric method

Ebru Çetinkaya ebrucetinkaya@mirholding.com.tr

Koray Dönmez

Seda Deveci

Mustafa Doğu

Yücel Şahin

182 - 188

2014-06-03

2014-10-14

2014-10-25

2014-11-05

In this study, a novel voltammetric method has been developed to determine the amount of boron in soil. 50 soil samples were collected from 5 typical sites of agricultural area. After hot water extraction of available boron in the soil samples, all boron is complexed by addition of Alizarin Red S (ARS) to the extraction solutions. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was used to determine the amount of the boron complexes. The electrochemical parameters have been optimized according to the experimental results. The optimum scan rate, stirring rate, deposition potential, deposition time and pH values were determined as 5 mVs-1 , 200 rpm, -0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, sat.), 15sec. and 7.5, respectively. An oxidation peak was occurred at the peak potential of -0.45 V for Boron-Alizarin complex. The limit of detection, limit of quantification and linear working range were determined for the voltammetric soil-boron analysis. In addition, the interference effects of coexisting ions were successfully investigated. Comparison of the analytical data for analyzing real samples was carried out between the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method and the Azometine H spectrophotometric method have shown good agreement. A great advantage of voltammetry over the spectrophotometric method is found to be simplicity, selectivity and shortening of the analysis time.

Voltammetric method, soil analysis, boron

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.77806

10.18393/ejss.77806

Establishing a soil reference system for fertility assessment and monitoring at plot level in the highlands of Mindanao, Philippines

Guadalupe Calalang gcalalang@xu.edu.ph

Laurent Bock

Gilles Colinet

189 - 196

2014-06-14

2014-10-14

2014-10-27

2014-11-05

The study was conducted in the crop production areas of Miarayon Village, along the volcanic footslope of Mt. Kalatungan, Talakag, Bukidnon, Philippines. The elevation range of the longitudinal toposequence is 1,900 to 1,300 m asl. Production areas in the intermediate part of the toposequence (Salsalan) are located at about 1,600 to 1,400 m asl and in the lower part (Mambuaw) at 1,400 to 1,300 m asl. A total of 24 plots (12 in each location) which were planted to potatoes, carrots and corn were investigated. Soils are “Andic” Cambisol in open and convex positions and “Andic” Umbrisol in concave positions and toeslopes. The soil pH values ranged from 5.0-5.9. TOC and TN content were medium to high (4.1-8.9% and 0.30-0.80% respectively) with C/N ratios from 8-15. Range values of available Ca, Mg, K and Na were 1.9-11.24, 0.16-2.14 and 0.20-1.13, 0.04-0.13 cmol+kg-1, respectively. Top soil horizon exchangeable Al in Mambuaw was higher than in Salsalan. The differences in TN, C/N ratio and available K levels between the two locations were very highly significant, TOC was highly significant and for soil pH and available Ca and sum of bases, their disparities were significant. Available Mg and Na did not differ between the two sites. Mean potato yield in Salsalan was 8.97 tha-1 more than in Mambuaw. Mean carrot yield in Salsalan was 2.39 tha-1 lesser than in Mambuaw. Mean corn yield in Salsalan was higher than in Mambuaw by 0.29 tha-1 only. Correlations between potato yields with TOC, TN, and available Ca were highly significant while soil pH and K were significant. There was no relationship detected between potato yields and Mg and Na. There was no association detected between carrot yields with topsoil nutrient levels. Correlations were noted in corn yields with available Ca, Mg and K.

Mindanao Philippines, “Andic” Cambisol, “Andic” Umbrisol, soil reference systems, soil fertility ass

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.16003

10.18393/ejss.16003

The role of soil's particle-size fractions in the adsorption of heavy metals

Saglara Mandzhieva msaglara@mail.ru

Tatiana Minkina

David Pinskiy

Tatiana Bauer

Svetlana Sushkova

197 - 205

2014-05-15

2014-10-14

2014-10-28

2014-11-05

The parameters of adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ cations by southern chernozem and their particle-size fractions were studied. The adsorption of metals by soils and the strength of their fixation on the surface of soil particles under both mono- and poly-element contamination decreased with the decreasing proportion of fine fractions in the soil. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the particle-size distribution and the silt and physical clay fractions on the adsorption of copper, lead, and zinc by chernozems. The objects of study included the upper humus horizons of different southern chernozems of the Rostov oblast. To study the ionexchange adsorption of the Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ cations, the soil in the natural ionic form was disaggregated using a pestle with a rubber head and sieved through a 1mm sieve. The soil samples were treated with solutions of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ nitrates and acetates at the separate and simultaneous presence of heavy metals (HMs). In the solutions with the simultaneous presence of HMs, their molar concentrations were similar. The concentrations of the initial solutions varied in the range from 0.05 to 1 mM/l. The soil: solution ratio was 1:10. The contents of HMs in the filtrates were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The contents of adsorbed HM cations were calculated from the difference between the metal concentrations in the initial and equilibrium solutions. The increase in the degree of dispersion of the particle-size fractions in similar soils resulted not only in an increase in the content of adsorbed HMs but also in an enhancement of their fixation on the surface of the fine particles. Therefore, the adsorption capacity of the Lower Don soils for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ decreased in the following sequence: clay loamy southern chernozem > loamy southern chernozem > loamy sandy southern chernozem. This was related to the qualitative differences in the mineralogy and chemistry of the separated fractions and the significant effect of their composition and properties on the parameters of the HMs adsorption.

Ion-exchange adsorption, metals cations, particle-size fractions, southern chernozem

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.18500

10.18393/ejss.18500

Short-term soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission after application of conventional and reduced tillage for red clover in Western Slovakia

Jan Horak jan.horak@uniag.sk

Dusan Igaz

Elena Kondrlova

206 - 211

2014-06-11

2014-10-14

2014-10-29

2014-11-05

Tillage systems have impact on soil properties, crop growth and through this directly and indirectly influence the cropland CO2 emission and therefore the global warming. In Slovakia, the wider adoption of conservation practices has barriers such as large acreage of compacted soils, the absence of detailed regionalization of suitable soils for such practices and the scientific evaluation of its application on sustainable soil productivity and environment protection. This study evaluated the short-termeffect of conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) with (N1) and without (N0) N fertilizer application on soil CO2 emission from cropland planted with a red clover (Trifoliumpratense) during 40 days in 2013 on a tillage field experiment initiated in 1994. CO2 flux, soil temperature, and soil water contentwere monitored during the studied period in western Slovakia. Results of this study showed that there wasn’t significant difference (p< 0.05) in soil CO2 between conventional tillage and reduced tillage for both, not fertilized and fertilized plots. Averaged 40 days CO2 emissions were greater in reduced tillage as compared to conventional tillage for both fertilization levels. A linear regression between CO2 emission and soil temperature in conventionally and reduced tilled plots showed that soil temperature (r = 0.88-0.94; P

CO2 emission, conventional tillage, reduced tillage, red clover

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.30326

10.18393/ejss.30326

Effect of aging on the physical properties of landfill cover layers

Ruediger Anlauf r.anlauf@hs-osnabrueck.de

Andreas Reichel

212 - 219

2014-07-03

2014-10-14

2014-10-30

2014-11-05

Physical properties of soil material are essential criteria for the suitability of material to be used as cover layers or water retaining (ET) layers of landfills. Important parameters, such as available water capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, are usually derived from easily measurable properties (such as soil texture) with the help of tables, or are measured on artificially compacted samples in the laboratory. Both methods do not consider structural changes taking place mainly in the first years after installation. Key factors for the development of the soil structure are freeze-thaw cycles, swelling and shrinkage due to moistening and drying, and the influence of root growth. The investigation was carried out with dredged material (river sediments) which was planned to be used for a landfill cover layer. Freeze-thaw cycles were simulated for a few days each in a laboratory freezer; swelling and shrinkage was simulated by alternating between water saturation and complete drying in a drying oven. The vegetation experiment was carried out in the open on a site filled with 20 cm dredged material. The effects of the environmental factors result in a modification of the pore system. All variants showed a significant increase in air capacity and a significant decrease of the available water capacity at constant total pore volume. With respect to the suitability of the material for landfill cover layers, the results imply that that the legally specified minimum values for available water capacity should be rather increased due to a possible decrease over time. However, the average decline of the available water capacity of 6%v/v with time due to aging, and the assumed penetration depths of the aging processes in the upper third of the cover layer, would result in a rather small increase of a few decimeters in layer thickness necessary to achieve the water storage targets. More important seems the increase in air capacity due to aging processes, which is of considerable importance for the growth of plants especially in the upper part of the cover layer. The risk of too high soil density associated with too low air capacity for optimum plant growth, thus, is somewhat reduced due to the increasing air capacity with aging.

Freeze-thaw-cycle, swelling/shrinkage, available water capacity, air capacity, soil structure, dredg

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.18279

10.18393/ejss.18279

Paleosols and climate of the steppe zone in early iron age: Identifying short term warming of climate on slightly sensors soils

Liudmila Plekhanova dianthus1@rambler.ru

220 - 229

2014-07-01

2014-10-14

2014-10-30

2014-11-05

Studies on paleosols under an archaeological landmark of a rare type (a complex of kurgans with “whiskers”) dating from the Early Iron Age (the fourth century AD) have been performed in the steppe zone of the Transural Plateau. The size and shape of third-order soil polygons under stony ridges (“whiskers”) between the kurgans have been described in detail. The results have shown that the paleosol under the kurgans erected at the turn of the Late Sarmatian and Hun times (1600 years ago) is characterized by a higher humus content and deeper location of the carbonate horizon, compared to the recent soil. This indicates that an increase in atmospheric humidity took place in the fourth century AD.

Paleosols, paleoclimate, steppe zone, Early Iron Age