EJSS

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Eurasian J Soil Sci

2147 - 4249

Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.84540

10.18393/ejss.84540

Mapping soil salinity in irrigated land using optical remote sensing data

Rachid Lhissou

Abderrazak El-Harti a.elharti@usms.ma

Karem Chokmani

82 - 88

2014-05-01

2014-10-26

2014-10-27

2014-10-30

Soil salinity caused by natural or human-induced processes is certainly a severe environmental problem that already affects 400 million hectares and seriously threatens an equivalent surface. Salinization causes negative effects on the ground; it affects agricultural production, infrastructure, water resources and biodiversity. In semi-arid and arid areas, 21% of irrigated lands suffer from waterlogging, salinity and/or sodicity that reduce their yields. 77 million hectares are saline soils induced by human activity, including 58% in the irrigated areas. In the irrigated perimeter of Tadla plain (central Morocco), the increased use of saline groundwater and surface water, coupled with agricultural intensification leads to the deterioration of soil quality. Experimental methods for monitoring soil salinity by direct measurements in situ are very demanding of time and resources, and also very limited in terms of spatial coverage. Several studies have described the usefulness of remote sensing for mapping salinity by its synoptic coverage and the sensitivity of the electromagnetic signal to surface soil parameters. In this study, we used an image of the TM Landsat sensor and field measurements of electrical conductivity (EC), the correlation between the image data and field measurements allowed us to develop a semi-empirical model allowing the mapping of soil salinity in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla plain. The validation of this model by the ground truth provides a correlation coefficient r² = 0.90. Map obtained from this model allows the identification of different salinization classes in the study area.

Soil salinity, Electric conductivity, spectral indices, principle component analysis

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.24378

10.18393/ejss.24378

Soil water retention and structure stability as affected by water quality

Amrakh Mamedov amrakh03@yahoo.com

89 - 94

2014-05-15

2014-10-14

2014-10-17

2014-10-30

In arid and semi-arid zones with a short water resources studying the effects of water quality on soil water retention and structure is important for the development of effective soil and water conservation and management practices. Three water qualities (electrical conductivity, EC ~ 2, 100 and 500 μS cm-1 with a low SAR representing rain, canal-runoff and irrigation water respectively) and semi-arid loam and clay soils were tested to evaluate an effect of soil texture and water quality on water retention, and aggregate and structure stability using the high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) method. The water retention curves obtained by the HEMC method were characterized by the modified van Genuchten (1980) model that provides (i) model parameters α and n, which represent the location (of the inflection point) and the steepness of the S-shaped water retention curve respectively, and (ii) a volume of drainable pores (VDP), which is an indicator for the quantity of water released by the tested sample over the range of suction studied, and modal suction (MS), which corresponds to the most frequent pore sizes, and soil structure index, SI =VDP/MS. Generally (i) treatments significantly affected the shape of the water retention curves (α and n) and (ii) contribution of soil type, water EC, and wetting rate and their interaction had considerable effect on the stability induces and model parameters. Most of changes due to the water quality and wetting condition were in the range of matric potential (ψ), 1.2-2.4; and 2.4-5.0 J kg-1 (pore size 125-250 μm and 60-125 μm). The VDP, SI and α increased, and MS and n decreased with the increase in clay content, water EC and the decrease in rate of aggregate wetting. The SI increased exponentially with the increase in VDP, and with the decrease in MS. Contribution of water EC on stability indices and model parameters was not linear and was soil dependent, and could be more valuable at medium water EC. Effect of wetting rate was more pronounced at low water EC. Results indicate that effectiveness of water EC in the field condition has no simple outcome on water retention and soil structure, and that its application should consider and be adjusted to soil properties and condition, such as soil texture, and moisture content and solution EC. Detailed contribution of treatments on structure induces and model parameters are discussed in the paper.

Water retention, aggregate and structure stability, water quality, van Genuchten model

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.79233

10.18393/ejss.79233

Influences of ammonium-nitrate, food waste compost and bacterial fertilizer on soluble soil nitrogen forms and on the growth of carrot (Daucus Carota L.)

Andrea Kovács kovacsa@agr.unideb.hu

Rita Kremper

Ida Kincses

Anita Szabó

95 - 100

2014-06-05

2014-10-14

2014-10-17

2014-10-30

This paper reports a greenhouse study to compare the effects of food waste compost, bacterial fertilizer and their combination with the effect of mineral fertilizer on yield of carrot and the available nutrient content of soils. The study was conducted on calcareous chernozem and acidic sandy soils and consisted of 8 treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The NH4NO3 resulted in reduced growing of carrot plant in sandy soil, and the treatment effect of mineral fertilizer was not observed significantly in chernozem soil. Sandy soil showed higher response of growth of carrot to food waste compost fertilization than chernozem soil. Sole application of EM-1 bacterial fertilizer did not have marked effect on yield parameters and sizes of roots. When EM-1 bacterial fertilizer was applied together with ammonium-nitrate or with compost in chernozem soil, the weights of roots and the sizes of roots in some cases became higher compared to the values of appropriate treatments without inoculation. In sandy soil the diameter of roots slightly increased when EM-1 bacterial fertilizer was applied with ammonium-nitrate and with ammonium-nitrate+compost combination compared to appropriate treatment without inoculation. In chernozem soil the maximum weights and sizes of roots were achieved with the combined treatment of ammonium-nitrate+compost+EM-1 bacterial fertilizer and in sandy soil with compost treatment. Our results of soluble nitrogen content of soils are in good agreement with yield parameters of carrot. Results suggest that food waste compost could be a good substitute for mineral fertilizer application in carrot production mainly in sandy soil. EM-1 bacterial fertilizer did not cause marked effect on yield and yield parameters of carrot plant, but its combination with other fertilizers promises a little bit higher yield or plant available nutrient in the soil. These effects do not clear exactly, so further studies are needed.

Nitrogen fertilizer, food waste compost, bacterial fertilizer, carrot, soil, nutrients

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.34313

10.18393/ejss.34313

The effect of phosphate solubilizing microbe producing growth regulators on soil phosphate, growth and yield of maize and fertilizer efficiency on Ultisol

Betty Fitriatin fitriatin@yahoo.com

Anny Yuniarti

Tien Turmuktini

Fadilah Ruswandi

101 - 107

2014-05-10

2014-10-14

2014-10-18

2014-10-30

Ultisol is soil that have problem of soil acidity, low organic matter and low available macro nutrient in particularly low P availability. This is only small part of phosphorus is available for plant because most of the phosphate was still present in the soil were fixed by soil colloids. Some soil microbes are known phosphate solubilizing microbes have capability to dissolve phosphate that transform of P fixed into the soluble P. The field experiment conducted at Jatinangor, West Java Indonesia to determine the effect of PSM on phosphate solubility, growth and yield of maize and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency. Design experiment of Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used in field experiment, consisted of two factors and three replications. Phosphate solubilizing microbe as the first factor consisted four levels i.e without, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF), mixture of PSB and PSF. While the second factor was P fertilizer consists five levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% doses of recomendation). The results of the field experiment showed that application of phosphate solubilizing microbes significantly improve the yield of maize in Ultisol Jatinangor, but did not significantly affect on soil P, available soil P, phosphatase and P uptake of plants. Application of a mixture of PSB and PSF better effect on soil available P and yield of maize. Phospate fertilizer dosing at a dose of 25 % , 50 % , 75 % and 100 % recommendations increased available soil P. Fertilizer of P could inhibit the activity of phosphatases. Phosphate fertilizer with dose 50 % recommendation gave better effect on soil P and yield of maize.

Maize, phosphate solubilizing microbe, soil phosphate, phosphatase, Ultisol

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.98721

10.18393/ejss.98721

Soil hydrophysical characteristics in the Nitra river basin (Slovakia): Their monitoring, analysis, online publishing

Dusan Igaz dusan.igaz@uniag.sk

Jan Horak

Karol Sinka

Elena Kondrlova

108 - 115

2014-06-20

2014-10-14

2014-10-18

2014-10-30

The paper is focused on the purpose made, or local monitoring of areal unit of the Nitra river basin (Slovakia, Central EU with total area 4501 km2) in order to obtain the inputs on soil, moisture and hydrophysical characteristics of the given area. In this study, there was evaluated the share of individual soil texture classes in the Nitra river basin on the basis of map records and its comparison with the soil samples taken from the 111 selected sites. Soil samples were taken from two depths of soil profile (15-20 cm, 40-45 cm). The sites were chosen according to the percentage representation of individual soil texture classes. Based on the identification of sampling points localization and following analysis of granularity ratio, it can be concluded that the grain composition from the soil samplings does not correspond fully with the map records. Subsequently, drainage branches of moisture retention curves were measured for all sites. Obtained hydrophysical data were enabled on the web-portal. With the use of OpenGeo Suite software, version 4.0.2 and its components Geoserver and Geoexplorer, the data on soil characteristics were published online at: http://fzki.uniag.sk/02FacultyStructure/02Departments/KBH/02Research/Hydrophysics. Thus, information about the soil characteristics in the basin is available to specialists.

The Nitra River Basin, hydrophysical chararacteristics

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.79975

10.18393/ejss.79975

Degradative crystal–chemical transformations of clay minerals under the influence of cyanobacteriumactinomycetal symbiotic associations

Ekaterina Ivanova katriell@mail.ru

Natalia Chizhikova

116 - 122

2014-06-11

2014-10-14

2014-10-18

2014-10-30

Cyanobacteria and actinomycetes are essential components of soil microbial community and play an active role in ash elements leaching from minerals of the parent rock. Content and composition of clay minerals in soil determine the sorption properties of the soil horizons, water-holding capacity of the soil, stickiness, plasticity, etc. The transformative effect of cyanobacterial–actinomycetes associations on the structure of clay minerals – kaolinite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, biotite and muscovite – was observed, with the greatest structural lattice transformation revealed under the influence of association in comparison with monocultures of cyanobacterium and actinomycete. The range of the transformative effect depended both on the type of biota (component composition of association) and on the crystal– chemical parameters of the mineral itself (trioctahedral mica – biotite, was more prone to microbial degradation than the dioctahedral – muscovite). The formation of the swelling phase – the product of biotite transformation into the mica–vermicullite mixed-layered formation was revealed as a result of association cultivation. Crystal chemical transformation of vermiculite was accompanied by the removal of potassium (К), magnesium (Mg) and aluminum (Al) from the crystal lattice. The study of such prokaryotic communities existed even in the early stages of the Earth's history helps to understand the causes and nature of the transformations undergone by the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the planet. Contribution of treatments on structure induces and model parameters are discussed in the paper.

Cyanobacterial–actinomycetes symbiotic associations, clay minerals, biodegradation, dioctahedral and

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.24169

10.18393/ejss.24169

Investigation of a novel soil analysis method in agricultural areas of Çarşamba plain for fertilizer recommendation

Emel Eren emeleren@mirholding.com.tr

Yalcın Öksüz

Sevinç Karadağ

Selin Özen

Zafer Gemici

123 - 130

2014-08-01

2014-10-14

2014-10-19

2014-10-30

In this study, a novel soil analysis method for fertilization recommendation was developed and validated with 161 soil samples taken from Turkey - Çarşamba plain for determination of potassium as a plant nutrient. In conventional soil analysis methods, available potassium (K) nutrient was determined by ammonium acetate extraction with flame photometer. In this study an alternative to existing method was proposed by developing extraction solutions suitable for interference dynamics of ion selective electrodes in a flow injection setup. Flow injection analysis system was optimized and K ion concentration of 161 soil samples taken from Turkey –Çarşamba plain was determined with potentiometrically. For the same soil samples, K+ ion concentration was determined with ammonium acetate extraction using flame photometer in parallel. Fertilization recommendations for potassium was calibrated on ammonium acetate extraction based measurements. In order to evaluate available potassium nutrient analysis results from new generation soil analysis method in fertilization recommendation process, a correlation model is required for relating new generation method results to conventional method results. An artificial neural network based soft sensor system was developed for this task. Potentiometric K+ ion measurement of soil sample in flow injection analysis system was presented as input to soft sensor system. Soft sensor predicted available K in soil sample based on artificial neural network model which can be used in fertilizer recommendation. Prediction performance of soft sensor was validated with experimental data and fitted with high correlation coefficient (R2= 0.902). Experimental studies have shown that K determined by potentiometric measurements can be used in fertilization recommendations in Çarşamba plain by using soft sensor approach.

Soil analysis, fertilization recommendation, soft sensor, artificial neural network

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.81212

10.18393/ejss.81212

Copper content and distribution in vineyard soils of central Serbia

Jordana Ninkov jordana.ninkov@nsseme.com

Jovica Vasin

Stanko Milic

Petar Sekulic

Tijana Zeremski

Slobodan Milenkovic

131 - 137

2014-07-04

2014-10-14

2014-10-19

2014-10-30

This research studied the copper content of vineyard soils as affected by the long-term use of copper-based fungicides. The soil samples were taken from individual vineyards located in the central region of Serbia, from two depths: 0-30 and 30-60 cm. At the same time, at each site, control samples were collected from a nearby forest in order to determine the background concentrations. The pseudototal (CuT) and available (CuEDTA) copper content were analysed in 60 soil samples in total, 46 of which represented vineyard soils and 14 control samples. The maximum value of copper was 200.1 mg/kg of pseudototal and 82.1 mg/kg of available copper. Comparison of the copper content in vineyards to the background concentrations of control samples clearly confirmed anthropogenic influence. Out of 46 vineyard soil samples, about one half (22 of them) had the CuT concentration above the critical level of 60 mg/kg. Eleven samples had the pseudototal content over the MAC of 100 mg/kg. Anthropogenic influence was also confirmed on the basis of copper bioavailability and copper distribution along the soil profile. Available content of over 50 mg/kg was found in 8 out of 46 analysed samples of vineyard soils. According to the percentage contribution of available CuEDTA to pseudototalCuT, half of the samples were above 36%, which is potentially phytotoxic. The concentration of copper was the highest in the surface layer in the vineyard soil samples. A check of the background Cu levels has shown that the distribution of CuT and CuEDTA is uniform throughout the soil profile. Data from some of the analysed plots indicate that the process of erosion is under way at the site. The soil on lower-lying terrain has been found to be more exposed to copper pollution than the soil of higher terrain. Since copper at the surveyed sites is very persistent and accumulates in a short period of time, focus should be placed on the preventive measures of reducing the use of copperbased fungicides to an optimal level.

Copper, soil, vineyards

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.94657

10.18393/ejss.94657

Studies on different concentration of lead (Pb) and sewage water on Pb uptake and growth of Radish (Raphanus sativus)

Qudratullah Khan qudrat_baloch@yahoo.com

Fahim Akhtar

Muhammad Jamil

Obaidullah Sayal

Nosheen Mirza

Hussani Mubarak

138 - 143

2014-06-29

2014-10-14

2014-10-19

2014-10-30

To investigate the accumulation of lead (Pb) by radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivars a study was carried out at Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan (Pakistan), during 2012. Two radish varieties i.e., exotic and local, were used. The treatments included sewage water and different concentrations of Pb at 25, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1. The results showed that the total biomass of both the radish varieties were nonsignificantly influenced by the applied Pb concentrations and sewage water, except for root diameter which were significantly greater in the local cultivar (3.261 cm). Pb treatments significantly reduced the growth and yield of both the cultivars. While the Pb uptake by the root and leaf of radish plants was increased by the increasing the applied Pb levels, with the highest value for root (19.008 mg kg-1) and leaf (16.134 mg kg-1) in the treatment receiving the highest applied Pb concentrations. The total biomass, fresh weight of root and root diameter was found significantly higher except for Pb at 400 mg L-1, in the plants receiving sewage water as compared to the control and different levels of Pb. The interaction amongst the varieties and treatments were found significantly different for various parameters. Thus, it can be concluded, that the use of sewage water and Pb contaminated wastewater results in higher metal concentration in the radish root and may lead to different types of health problems to consumers.

Lead (Pb), sewage water, radish cultivars, Pb uptake

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.60429

10.18393/ejss.60429

Heavy metal compounds in a soil of technogenic zone as indicate of its ecological state

Tatiana Minkina tminkina@mail.ru

Saglara Mandzhieva

Galina Motusova

Marina Burachevskaya

Olga Nazarenko

Svetlana Sushkova

144 - 151

2014-07-01

2014-10-14

2014-10-20

2014-10-30

The emissions from the Novocherkassk power station comprise 1% of the total volume in the Russian Federation and up to 58% of the emissions in the Rostov oblast. The aim of this work was to assess the regularities of heavy metals accumulation and transformation in soils subjected to aerosol emissions from the power station on the basis of the fractional composition of their compounds. Studies have been conducted on the soils of monitoring plots distances from the power station (1.0–20.0 km) during 15 years. The monitoring plots located on fallow areas. Soil samples for the determination of soil properties and the contents of heavy metals compounds were taken from a depth of 0–20 cm. The soil cover in the region under study consisted of ordinary chernozems, meadow-chernozemic soils, and alluvial meadow soils. The total amount of heavy metals in soils was determined by X-ray fluorescence. Metals in soil extracts were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The fractional composition of heavy metals was determined using combined fractionation. A combined approach for fractioning metal compounds in soils on the basis of and parallel extractions (1 N NH4Ac, pH 8; 1% EDTA in NH4Ac; and 1 N HCl) was used. Aerosol emissions from the power station are the major agents of technogenic impact on the soils under study in the Rostov oblast. The highest degree of contamination with metals (mg/kg: Ni - 64, Cd – 1.3, Cr - 145 and As – 12) was observed for soils located within a radius of 5 km from the power station along the predominant wind direction. It was marked the rise of metals mobility in the polluted soils and predominant participation of Cr and Ni organic-mineral complexes among their mobile species. The increasing of Cd mobility was provided predominantly by exchangeable forms and specifically sorbed by Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides. The environmental contamination hazard increases with the decreasing metal-buffering capacity of soils.

Aerosol emissions, chernozems, heavy metals compounds, the fractional composition