EJSS

Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Eurasian J Soil Sci

2147 - 4249

Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.064-068

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.064-068

Continuous Mapping of Soil pH Using Digital Soil Mapping Approach in Europe

Ciro Gardi ciro.gardi@jrc.ec.europa.eu

Yusuf Yigini

64 - 68

2012-01-17

2012-08-03

2012-09-05

2012-09-25

Soil pH is one of the most important chemical parameters of soil, playing an essential role on the agricultural production and on the distribution of plants and soil biota communities. It is the expression of soil genesis that in turns is a function of soil forming factors and influences all the chemical, physical and biological processes that occur in the soil. Thus it shapes the entire soil ecosystem. Due to any of the above reasons, mapping of soil pH becomes very important to provide harmonised soil pH data to policy makers, public bodies and researchers. In order to obtain a continuous mapping of soil pH for Europe, adopting the digital soil mapping approach, a set of continuously distribute covariates, highly correlated with pH, were selected. The estimate of soil pH was realized using a regression procedure, coupled with the kriging of the residuals. More than 30.000 points on top soil pH (CaCl2) were used, and 27 covariates were tested as predictors. The similar approach was already applied with 12.333 samples to produce a pH map of Europe using European Soil Profile Data in 2008 which compiles several databases from 11 different sources (Reuter et al. 2008). Our study was conducted to update the previous data and maps based on LUCAS (EUROSTAT - Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey), BIOSOIL (Hiederer and Durrant, 2010) and merged database which was used to produce previous soil pH map of Europe (Reuter et al. 2008). We used a compilation of more than 30.000 soil pH measurements from 13 different sources to create a continuous map of soil pH across Europe using a geostatistical approach based on regression-kriging. Regression was based on the use of 27 covariates in the form of raster maps at 1km resolution to explain the differences in the distribution of soil pH in CaCl2 and we added the kriged map of the residuals from the regression model.

Land-cover, LANDSAT, automatic classification, soil – vegetation, correlation

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.069-074

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.069-074

The morphology, mineralogy, geochemistry and physical ımplications of foid bearing syenite and syenite-carbonate rocks contact zone soils: Kırşehir-Akpınar-Buzlukdağ, Turkey

Mümtaz Kibar kibar@agri.ankara.edu.tr

Kıymet Deniz

Fatma Sarıoğlu

69 - 74

2012-01-19

2012-08-03

2012-09-06

2012-09-25

The study area is located to the central part of Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC). The area mainly composed of Kırşehir metamorphic rocks as the basement units and intruded by syenite, foid syenite and foid diorite. The metamorphic rocks mainly represented by mica schist, chlorite schist, vollastonite marble and marble units. Calcsilicatic minerals and hornfels rocks are observed at the contact of intrusive and metamorphic basement in some parts of the study area. In order to determine morphology, mineralogy, geochemistry and physical properties of the soils two profiles were digged in the area. One of them is located in the foid bearing syenite and the other one is located in the syenite with carbonate rocks contact zone. The petrographical studies reveal that the foid bearing syenite characterised by the presence of nepheline, K-feldspar, plagioclases, Na-amphibole, pyroxene with rare amount of garnet (melanite), titanite and opaque minerals. The marble is mainly composed of calcite and rare amount of wollastonite and opaque minerals. Contact of foid bearing syenite profile is lythic xerorthent, and the other one is described as a typical haploxeroll. They contain important morphological, mineralogical, geochemical and physical differences. It was found that these differences belong to the composition of the host rock of the region.

Land-cover, LANDSAT, automatic classification, soil – vegetation, correlation

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.075-080

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.075-080

GIS and RS soil-vegetation correlations for continental saltlands habitats in NE Romania

Dan Stoica dan_sezu@yahoo.com

Cristian Patriche

Culiţă Sîrbu

Radu Pîrnău

Bogdan Roşca

75 - 80

2011-12-01

2012-08-03

2012-09-06

2012-09-25

Continental saltlands have a high degree of peculiarity amongst European primary habitats and a prominent insular character. The present scientific approach establishes the degree of soil-vegetation correlation in continental slatlands patches as a measure of habitat continuity/fragmentation and soil conservation/degradation. The use of hyperspectral imagery, soil types’ distribution and vegetal associations’ conservation status reveal disturbances in relation with human induced modifications in comparison with normal plant-soil interdependence. Supervised classifications of LANDSAT satellite imagery along with detailed soil maps, ground truth data provided by accurate GPS positioning and field based plants evaluation are used to perform landscape metrics analyses. The landscape metrics approach is meant to find the balance between extent and grain in the case of saltlands habitats analyses and the degree of patches and classes inhomogeneity. These also give an insight of habitats connectivity and/or isolation in relation with land use topology and soil multiplexing. The resulting training sets developed for a representative, protected area in the county of Iaşi enhance the creation of a comprehensive mask to be used for the evaluation of larger areas in the silvan-steppes of North-Eastern Romania. The model is statistically tested to depict the degree of correlation and confidence. The final goal resides in more proper measures elaboration for the mitigation of continental saltland preservation and natural resources exploitation via agricultural and the associated activities.

Land-cover, LANDSAT, automatic classification, soil – vegetation, correlation

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.081-086

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.081-086

Wind erosion control of soils using polymeric materials

Mohammad Movahedan m.movahedan@gmail.com

Nader Abbasi

Majid Keramati

81 - 86

2011-10-25

2012-08-03

2012-09-07

2012-09-25

Wind erosion of soils is one of the most important problems in environment and agriculture which could affects several fields. Agricultural lands, water reservoires, irrigation canals, drains and etc. may be affected by wind erosion and suspended particles. As a result wind erosion control needs attention in arid and semi-arid regions. In recent years, some polymeric materials have been used for improvement of structural stability, increasing aggregate stability and soil stabilization, though kind of polymer, quantity of polymer, field efficiency and durability and environmental impacts are some important parameters which should be taken into consideration. In this study, a Polyvinil Acetate-based polymer was used to treat different soils. Then polymer-added soil samples were investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel to verify the effecte of polymer on wind erosion control of the soils and the results were compared with water treated soil samples. The results of wind tunnel experiments with a maximum 26 m/s wind velocity showed that there was a significat difference between the erosion of polymer treated and water treated soil samples. Application of 25g/m2 polymer to Aeolian sands reduced the erosion of Aeolian sands samples to zero related to water treated samples. For silty and calyey soils treated by polymer, the wind erosion reduced minimum 90% in relation to water treated samples.

Polymer, wind erosion, wind tunnel, aolian sand

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.087-091

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.087-091

Investigation of relationship between sediment yield and landslide in Iran

Samad Shadfar samad.shadfar@gmail.com

Dadvar Lotfollahzadeh

87 - 91

2011-11-27

2012-06-03

2012-09-07

2012-09-25

Landslides have been made irreversible damage to urban areas and economic in Iran. In this research, at first, for Investigation of relationship between landslide and sediment yield was recognized some of effective factors on Landslide. These Factors were processed with use of ILWIS and Arc GIS software’s. Landslide hazard zonation was done using Density Area and Index Overlay methods in GIS and evaluated them using Quality Sum index. In after phase, were determined sediment yield in each of them. Finally, occurrence rate landslide investigated in sediment yield zones. The results indicated that, slope, lithology and distance from the hydrographic network have the greatest impact on landslides. Most of the landslides have occurred in the 15-40% slope class, units of conglomerate and marl, and within one km of drainage network. On the other hand, the relationship between landslide frequency and distance of the fault was not a linear relationship and Almost 60 %of landslides have occurred distance of one km of the faults. Evaluation using Quality Sum index showed that the density Area has a more logical answer and as Appropriate method will be introduced in the basin. Investigation of deposition potential in sub-basins showed that Javaherdeh sub basin with 92.74 deposition potential is the first priority. Nedasht and latmohalleh sub basins, each with a deposition potential of 20.08 are the next priorities. Relationship between landslide area and deposition potential were identified as 8/91% of the landslides in the area of low And about 79 percent of landslides are located in high and very high deposition potentials.

Sediment yield, landslide, GIS, density area, Iran

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.092-097

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.092-097

Soil erodibility evaluation by splash cups under the simulated rainfalls

Melis Pınar melisozgepinar@gmail.com

Günay Erpul

92 - 97

2011-11-11

2012-06-06

2012-09-07

2012-09-25

Soil erodibility is an important parameter to determine the sensibility of soil to the erosion and there are many methods to specify the erodibility. Until today, many methods were improved and the “Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which has the most common use in worldwide, is one of them. In this prediction technology, the soil susceptibility to the water erosion is represented by a multiplier factor together with those for climate, topography, vegetation and conservation practices. This study aimed to determine a soil erodibility factor by the laboratory simulated rainfall tests under the specified kinetic energy and rainfall intensity values using the splash cups. For test soils, a total of 256 surface samples were taken from the fallow-crop system in the Asartepe Dam Basin and the splash erosion rate was found with the units compatible with the USLE. However, since the USLE predicts soil losses from not only splash erosion but also sheet and rill erosions, the measured splash values should be mathematically related to the erodibility equations commonly employed in the model in order to meet the model requirement.

Splash erosion, rainfall simulation, energy flow, soil erodibility

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.098-103

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.098-103

Effect of soil contamination with azadirachtin on dehydrogenase and catalase activity of soil

Rıdvan Kızılkaya ridvank@omu.edu.tr

İzzet Akça

Tayfun Aşkın

Rezan Yılmaz

Vladimir Olekhov

Iraida Samofalova

Natalya Mudrykh

98-103

2012-08-15

2012-10-12

2012-09-09

2012-09-25

Insecticides are used in modern agriculture in large quantities to control pests and increase crop yield. Their use, however, has resulted in the disruption of ecosystems because of the effects on non-target soil microorganisms, some environmental problems, and decreasing soil fertility. These negative effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment have led to the search for alternative means of pest control. One such alternative is use of natural plant products such as azadirachtin that have pesticidal activity. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of soil contamination by azadirachtin (C35H44O16) on dehydrogenase (DHA) and catalase activity (CA) of soil under field conditions in Perm, Russia. The tests were conducted on loamy soil (pHH2O 6.7, ECH2O 0.213 dSm-1, organic carbon 0.99%), to which the following quantities of azadirachtin were added: 0, 15, 30 and 60 mL da-1 of soil. Experimental design was randomized plot design with three replications. The DHA and CA analyses were performed 7, 14 and 21 days after the field experiment was established. The results of field experiment showed that azadirachtin had a positive influence on the DHA and CA at different soil sampling times. The increased doses of azadirachtin applied resulted in the higher level of DHA and CA in soil. The soil DHA and CA showed the highest activity on the 21th day after 60 mL azadirachtin da-1 application doses.

Azadirachtin, soil, enzyme, dehydrogenase, catalase

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.104-109

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.104-109

Carbon mineralization in mine tailing ponds amended with pig slurries and marble wastes

Dora Carmona

Raul Zornoza

Angel Cano angel.fazcano@upct.es

Jose Acosta

Silvia Martínez-Martínez

Sebla Kabas

104 - 109

2011-12-01

2012-08-03

2012-09-08

2012-09-25

Effective application of organic residues to reclaim soils requires the optimization of the waste management to minimize CO2 emissions and optimize soil C sequestration efficiency. In this study, the short-term effects of pig slurry amendment alone and together with marble waste on organic matter mineralization in two tailing ponds from Cartagena-La Unión Mining District (SE Spain) were investigated in a field remediation experiment. The treatments were: marble waste (MW), pig slurry (PS), marble waste + pig slurry (MW+PS), and control. Soil carbon mineralization was determined using a static chamber method with alkali absorption during 70 days. Soil respiration rates in all plots were higher the first days of the experiment owing to higher soil moisture and higher mean air temperature. MW plots followed the same pattern than control plots, with similar respiration rates. The addition of pig slurry caused a significant increase in the respiration rates, although in MW+PS plots, respiration rates were lower than in PS plots. The cumulative quantities of C-CO2 evolved from the pig slurry mineralization were fitted to a first-order kinetic model explaining 90% of the data. This model implies the presence of only one mineralisable pool (C0). The values of the index C0*constant rate/added C were similar for PS plots in both tailing ponds, but lower in the MW+PS treatment, suggesting that the application of marble reduces the degradability of the organic compounds present in the pig slurry. Thus, the application of marble wastes contributes to slow down the loss of organic matter by mineralization.

Carbon mineralization, tailing pond, heavy metal, marble waste, pig slurry

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.110-115

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.110-115

Cadmium effects on potassium content and pepper seedling growth in different peat ratios

Füsun Gülser gulserf@yahoo.com

Ferit Sönmez

110 - 115

2012-05-12

2012-08-03

2012-09-09

2012-09-25

Effects of cadmium applications on plant growth and potassium contents of pepper seedlings were investigated in different mixtures of soil:peat ratios. This study was conducted with three different levels of Cd (Cd0=0, Cd1=2.5 and Cd2=5.0 ppm) and three different ratios of soil:peat (Pt0=soil:no peat, Pt10=soil:10% peat and Pt20=soil:20% peat) in a factorial experimental design with three replications. K contents of shoots and some criteria of pepper seedlings such as; shoot and root dry weights were significantly influenced with the soil:peat ratios. Interactions between soil:peat ratio and Cd significantly affected shoot and root dry weights and K contents of pepper seedlings. Application of 20% peat ratio significantly increased shoot dry weight. Mean root dryweights decreased with increasing Cd dose applications. The highest (7.0%) and the lowest (4.1%) K contents in shoots were determined in Pt20Cd2 and Pt0Cd2 applications, respectively. On the other hand, the highest (3.27%) and the lowest (2.12%) K contents in roots were determined in Pt0Cd2 and Pt20Cd0 applications, respectively. Mean Cd contentents in shoots were also significantly reduced with increasing K contents of shoots, especially in the mixture of soil:20% peat ratio.

Pepper seedling, peat, cadmium, potassium, plant growth

http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2012.2.116-126

10.18393/ejss.2012.2.116-126

A study on the determination of electromagnetic reflection values of agricultural crop pattern to improve accuracy of land use map by remote sensing technique

Mustafa Bolca mustafa.bolca@ege.edu.tr

Yusuf Kurucu

Ünal Altınbaş

M. Esetlili

Fulsen Özen

116 - 126

2012-05-12

2012-09-11

2012-09-16

2012-09-25

With this study, using remote sensing technique, a data base which covers data on the electromagnetic energy reflections of various kinds of plants has been formed with the purpose of determining crop patterns. A 1/5.000 scale cadastral map was used as topographic map for the purpose of using remote sensing technique more effectively and sensibly for such crops as cotton, maize and sun flower of which the agriculture is exercised widely in Torbalı township and in this context in all the Aegean Region. In the current study, August 2001 dated Landsat 7 satellite images of the region were interpreted and ground realities and satellite images of the agricultural crops with high economic value which are widely cultivated in the region were overlapped and their values of reflection were determined. Images thus obtained were overlapped with 1/5.000 cadastre maps and product varieties could be determined at the basis of large section of a map, plot and parcel. Separately collaboration with technical personnel from the Directorate of Torbalı Township Agriculture was achieved in field and lab studies, and by transferring the data obtained into their computers, tangible steps were taken in the direction of applying technology at the basis of the Township. As a result, an important and basic database was formed that could be used for the payout of incentive premiums to the local organization for various crops or that could render functionality to the implementation of Agricultural policies based on record system.

Agricultural crop pattern, GIS, Landsat 7 ETM, Remote sensing