Abstract
Soils can be examined on the basis of spectral data, using such methods with which the reflected radiation can be divided into a large number of (several hundreds) small spectral channel (some nm). Based on the spectral characteristics of the soils, or the different index numbers calculated from hyperspectral data water content of soils can be well characterized. The examined soil samples were coming from different apple orchards of which soils had different physical characteristics (sandy loamy and clay). The goals of my experiments were the evaluation of spectral measurement method for soil content detection, and to carry out algorithms for fast field scale spectral evaluation of different soil water content. The spectral measuring was carried out by laboratory scale AvaSpec 2048 spectrometer at 400 – 1000 nm wavelength interval with 0.6 nm spectral resolutions and by ASD FieldSpec Junior at 350 – 2500 nm. After drying, dry soil samples were watered by 2.5 m/m% till maximal saturation, and each wetting was measured spectrally. Based on spectral properties, reflectances were decreased in the whole spectral range within the continuous wetting due to the high absorption characteristics of water. The most water sensitive spectral ranges were selected by principal component, and such algorithms were created, with which the water content can be detectable in the certain soil. The algorithms can facilitate farmers for irrigation scheduling of their orchards. These results can also be utilizable in precision water management, since it can be a basis for such integrated active sensors with LED or laser light source, measuring reflectance at the certain spectral range, which can facilitate real time water status assessment of orchards.

Keywords: Spectral index, soil moisture, reflectance

References

Belényesi, M., Kristóf, D., Magyari, J. 2008. Távérzékelés a környezetgazdálkodásban – Elméleti jegyzet, Egyetemi jegyzet SZIE Mezőgazdasági- és Környezettudományi Kar Gödöllő, 78.

Bowers, S.A., Hanks, R.J., 1965. Reflection of radiant energy from soil, Soil Science, 100:130-138.

Csornai, G., Dalia, O., 1991. Távérzékelés Kézirat, Erdészeti és Faipari Egyetem Földmérési és Földrendezői Főiskolai Kar, Székesfehérvár.

Filep, Gy. 1999: A talaj fizikai tulajdonságai . In: Stefanovits, P., Filep, Gy., Füleky, Gy. (szerk.) Talajtan. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest. 131-190.

Nagy, A., Tamás, J., 2009. Integrated airborne and field methods to characterize soil water regime. [In: Celkova, A. (ed.) Proceedings of peer-reviewed contributions, Transport of water, chemicals and energy in the soil-plant-atmosphere system] Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 412-420.

Rajkai, K. 2004. A víz mennyisége, eloszlása és áramlása a talajban. MTA TAKI Budapest.

Tóth, Á. 1995. Az esőszerű és a mikroöntözés gyakorlata.KITE Rt. Nádudvar. 118.

Várallyay, Gy., 2002. A mezőgazdasági vízgazdálkodás talajtani alapjai. Budapest 170.