Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
Volume 8, Issue 3, Jun 2019, Pages 275-281DOI: 10.18393/ejss.575026
Stable URL: http://ejss.fess.org/10.18393/ejss.575026
Copyright © 2019 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
The effect of NPK foliar fertilization on yield and macronutrient content of grain in wheat under Kostanai-Kazakhstan conditions
, Zhenis Zharlygasov , Rıdvan Kızılkaya , Niyazbek Kalimov , Izzet Akça , Zhaksylyk Zharlygasov 
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Gülser, C., Zharlygasov, Z., Kızılkaya, R., Kalimov, N., Akça, I., Zharlygasov, Z., 2019. The effect of NPK foliar fertilization on yield and macronutrient content of grain in wheat under Kostanai-Kazakhstan conditions. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. 8(3): 275-281. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.575026Author information
Coşkun Gülser , Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Samsun, Turkey Samsun, TurkeyZhenis Zharlygasov , Ahmet Baytursynov Kostanai State University, Agrarian and Biological Faculty, Kostanai, Kazakhstan
Rıdvan Kızılkaya , Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Samsun, Turkey
Niyazbek Kalimov , Ahmet Baytursynov Kostanai State University, Agrarian and Biological Faculty, Kostanai, Kazakhstan
Izzet Akça , Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Samsun, Turkey & Agrobigen Research & Development Trade Ltd.Co, Samsun Technopark, Samsun, Turkey
Zhaksylyk Zharlygasov , Ahmet Baytursynov Kostanai State University, Agrarian and Biological Faculty, Kostanai, Kazakhstan
Publication information
Article first published online : 10 Jun 2019Manuscript Accepted : 05 Jun 2019
Manuscript Received: 10 Oct 2018
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.575026
Stable URL: http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.575026
Abstract
The objective of this research were to determine the effects of foliar fertilization (20% N: 20% P2O5: 20% K2O) at different growth stages on yield and nutrient contents of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to reveal proper application time and frequency in Kostanai-Kazakhstan conditions. The field experiment was conducted according to randomized plot design with four replications with a seeding rate of 500 seed per m2 on the plots having a size of 5.0 m length and 4.0 m width. Foliar applications of the fertilizer at 1%rate were done at tillering (T), stem elongation (S), heading (H) stages of wheat and the combinations of these stages (T+S, T+H, S+H and T+S+H). Wheat yield values varied between the lowest 1.32 t/ha in the control and the highest 2.14 t/ha in the foliar fertilization done at tillering and steam elongation stages (T+S). According to control treatment, increases in grain yields by the foliar fertilization done at the different growth stages were determined as follows; T+S (61.7%) > T+H (47.4%) > T+S+H (41.8%) > S+H (41.6%) > T (38.5%) > S (19.1%) > H (16.6%). There was no significant difference among the macronutrient contents in grain obtained by the foliar fertilization at the different growth stages. N, P and K contents in the grain were close the values cited in the literatures. Ca and Mg contents deficiency in grain were determined due to the acidic soil pH condition of Kostanai-Kazakhstan. Nitrogen, P, K and Ca uptakes by grain, except Mg, generally increased with the all application of foliar fertilization. When the foliar fertilization was done at T+S stages, the highest macro nutrient uptakes by grain in wheat were generally obtained. This research indicated that the first foliar fertilization should be applied at the tillering stage and the best foliar fertilization management for high grain yield and nutrient uptake should be done two times at the combination of tillering and stem elongation stages.Keywords
Wheat, grain yield, foliar fertilization, nutrient uptake. Corresponding author
References
Barraclough, P.B., Haynes, J., 1995. The effect of foliar supplements of potassium nitrate and urea on the yield of winter wheat. Fertilizer Research 44(3): 217–223.
Bhutto, M., Shah, A.N., Leghari, U.A., Jatoi, G.H., Khaskheli, M.A., Khanzada, A., 2016. Growth and yield response of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) as affected by foliar fertilization of zinc. Science International (Lahore) 28(4): 4189-4192.
Bouyoucos, G.J., 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54(5): 464-465.
Czuba, R., 1993. The results of leaf nutrition of field crops. Part II. Response of plants to foliar application of micronutrients or nitrogen combined with micronutrients. Roczniki Gleboznawcze - Soil Science Annual 44(3/4):79-87 [in Polish].
Gerendás J., Führs, H., 2013. The significance of magnesium for crop quality. Plant and Soil 368(1-2): 101-128.
Gooding, M.J., 2005. Foliar urea fertilisation and the management of yield and quality in wheat. Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society No. 573. Available at [Access date: 10.10.2018]: http://www.fertiliser-society.org/Proceedings/US/Prc573.HTM
Gülser, C., Kızılkaya, R., Küren, N., Oy, G., Yalçın, U., 2017. The effect of foliar fertilizer produced from biogas waste on yield and protein content of wheat. ICAFOF, International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food Sciences and Technologies, 15-17 May 2017., Cappadocia, Turkey, Book of Proceedings. p 260.
Ivanova, A., Nankova, M., Tsenov, N., 2007. Effect of previous crop, mineral fertilization and enviroment on the characters of new wheat varieties. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 13 (1): 55–62.
Jarecki, W., Buczek, J., Bobrecka-Jamro, D., 2017. Response of spring wheat to different soil and foliar fertilization. Journal of Central European Agriculture 18(2): 460‒476.
Jones, Jr.J.B., 2001. Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC Press, New York, USA. 363p.
Khan, P., Memon, M.Y., Imtiaz, M., Aslam, M., 2009. Response of wheat to foliar and soil application of urea at different growth stages. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(3): 1197-1204
Klikocka, H., Marks, M., Barczak, B., Szostak, B., Podleśna, A., Podleśny, J., 2018. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios. Open Chemistry 16(1): 1059–1065.
Maitlo, A., Hassan, Z.U., Shah, A.N., Khan, H., 2006. Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to Foliar and Soil Application of Urea. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8 (4):477-481.
Mikos-Szymańska, M., Borowik, M., Wyzińska, M., Rusek, P., 2018. Effects of different fertilizer treatments on grain yield and yield components of spring wheat. Research For Rural Development 2: 100-106.
Munson, R.D., 1982. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the tropics and subtropics. International Fertilizer Development Center. Technical Bulletin Series T-23. Muscle Shoals, TN, USA. 62p.
Nelson, R.E., 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, Second Edition. Number 9, Page, A.L., Keeney, D. R., Baker, D.E., Miller, R.H., Ellis, R. Jr., Rhoades, J.D. (Eds.). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 181-198.
Ostrowska, A., Porębska, G., 2017. The content of calcium and magnesium and the Ca:Mg ratio in cultivated plants in the context of human and animal demand for nutrients. Journal of Elementology 22(3): 995-1004.
Parkash, V., Joshi, Y.C., 1973. Influence of foliar feeding of kinetin and potassium nitrate on the grain setting of wheat. Agrochemica 17: 238–242.
Rowell, D.L. 1996. Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman, London, UK. 368p.
Rusek, P., Mikos-Szymańska, M., Karsznia, M., Sienkiewicz-Cholewa, U., Igras, J., 2016. The effectiveness of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilization in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 22(5): 752–755
Sarandón, S.J., Gianibelli, M.C., 1990. Effect of foliar urea spraying and nitrogen application at sowing upon dry matter and nitrogen distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomie 10(3):183-189.
Siuliauskas, A., Vagusevicience, I., Liakas, V., 2001. Additional fertilization of winter wheat through leaves. International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture in Baltic States. 28-30 June 2001, Tartu, Estonia.
Smith, E.G., Janzen, H.H., Ellert, B.H., 2018. Effect of fertilizer and cropping system on grain nutrient concentrations in spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98(1): 125-131.
Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manuel. USDA Handbook No:18 Washington, USA.
Tiryakioğlu, M., Yildirim, M., Karanlik, S., 2014. Macronutrient concentration and remobilization in spring wheat organs during grain filling. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38: 488-494.
Walkley, A., Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37(1): 29-37.
Weinbaum, S. 1988. Foliar nutrition in fruit trees. In: Plant growth and leaf applied chemicals. Neumann, P.M. (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton. USA. pp. 81-100.
Zhigulev, A.K., 1992. Effect of foliar application of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and quality of winter wheat grain. Agrokhimiya 3(3): 3-9.
Abstract
The objective of this research were to determine the effects of foliar fertilization (20% N: 20% P2O5: 20% K2O) at different growth stages on yield and nutrient contents of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to reveal proper application time and frequency in Kostanai-Kazakhstan conditions. The field experiment was conducted according to randomized plot design with four replications with a seeding rate of 500 seed per m2 on the plots having a size of 5.0 m length and 4.0 m width. Foliar applications of the fertilizer at 1%rate were done at tillering (T), stem elongation (S), heading (H) stages of wheat and the combinations of these stages (T+S, T+H, S+H and T+S+H). Wheat yield values varied between the lowest 1.32 t/ha in the control and the highest 2.14 t/ha in the foliar fertilization done at tillering and steam elongation stages (T+S). According to control treatment, increases in grain yields by the foliar fertilization done at the different growth stages were determined as follows; T+S (61.7%) > T+H (47.4%) > T+S+H (41.8%) > S+H (41.6%) > T (38.5%) > S (19.1%) > H (16.6%). There was no significant difference among the macronutrient contents in grain obtained by the foliar fertilization at the different growth stages. N, P and K contents in the grain were close the values cited in the literatures. Ca and Mg contents deficiency in grain were determined due to the acidic soil pH condition of Kostanai-Kazakhstan. Nitrogen, P, K and Ca uptakes by grain, except Mg, generally increased with the all application of foliar fertilization. When the foliar fertilization was done at T+S stages, the highest macro nutrient uptakes by grain in wheat were generally obtained. This research indicated that the first foliar fertilization should be applied at the tillering stage and the best foliar fertilization management for high grain yield and nutrient uptake should be done two times at the combination of tillering and stem elongation stages.
Keywords: Wheat, grain yield, foliar fertilization, nutrient uptake.
References
Barraclough, P.B., Haynes, J., 1995. The effect of foliar supplements of potassium nitrate and urea on the yield of winter wheat. Fertilizer Research 44(3): 217–223.
Bhutto, M., Shah, A.N., Leghari, U.A., Jatoi, G.H., Khaskheli, M.A., Khanzada, A., 2016. Growth and yield response of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) as affected by foliar fertilization of zinc. Science International (Lahore) 28(4): 4189-4192.
Bouyoucos, G.J., 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54(5): 464-465.
Czuba, R., 1993. The results of leaf nutrition of field crops. Part II. Response of plants to foliar application of micronutrients or nitrogen combined with micronutrients. Roczniki Gleboznawcze - Soil Science Annual 44(3/4):79-87 [in Polish].
Gerendás J., Führs, H., 2013. The significance of magnesium for crop quality. Plant and Soil 368(1-2): 101-128.
Gooding, M.J., 2005. Foliar urea fertilisation and the management of yield and quality in wheat. Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society No. 573. Available at [Access date: 10.10.2018]: http://www.fertiliser-society.org/Proceedings/US/Prc573.HTM
Gülser, C., Kızılkaya, R., Küren, N., Oy, G., Yalçın, U., 2017. The effect of foliar fertilizer produced from biogas waste on yield and protein content of wheat. ICAFOF, International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food Sciences and Technologies, 15-17 May 2017., Cappadocia, Turkey, Book of Proceedings. p 260.
Ivanova, A., Nankova, M., Tsenov, N., 2007. Effect of previous crop, mineral fertilization and enviroment on the characters of new wheat varieties. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 13 (1): 55–62.
Jarecki, W., Buczek, J., Bobrecka-Jamro, D., 2017. Response of spring wheat to different soil and foliar fertilization. Journal of Central European Agriculture 18(2): 460‒476.
Jones, Jr.J.B., 2001. Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC Press, New York, USA. 363p.
Khan, P., Memon, M.Y., Imtiaz, M., Aslam, M., 2009. Response of wheat to foliar and soil application of urea at different growth stages. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(3): 1197-1204
Klikocka, H., Marks, M., Barczak, B., Szostak, B., Podleśna, A., Podleśny, J., 2018. Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios. Open Chemistry 16(1): 1059–1065.
Maitlo, A., Hassan, Z.U., Shah, A.N., Khan, H., 2006. Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to Foliar and Soil Application of Urea. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8 (4):477-481.
Mikos-Szymańska, M., Borowik, M., Wyzińska, M., Rusek, P., 2018. Effects of different fertilizer treatments on grain yield and yield components of spring wheat. Research For Rural Development 2: 100-106.
Munson, R.D., 1982. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the tropics and subtropics. International Fertilizer Development Center. Technical Bulletin Series T-23. Muscle Shoals, TN, USA. 62p.
Nelson, R.E., 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, Second Edition. Number 9, Page, A.L., Keeney, D. R., Baker, D.E., Miller, R.H., Ellis, R. Jr., Rhoades, J.D. (Eds.). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 181-198.
Ostrowska, A., Porębska, G., 2017. The content of calcium and magnesium and the Ca:Mg ratio in cultivated plants in the context of human and animal demand for nutrients. Journal of Elementology 22(3): 995-1004.
Parkash, V., Joshi, Y.C., 1973. Influence of foliar feeding of kinetin and potassium nitrate on the grain setting of wheat. Agrochemica 17: 238–242.
Rowell, D.L. 1996. Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman, London, UK. 368p.
Rusek, P., Mikos-Szymańska, M., Karsznia, M., Sienkiewicz-Cholewa, U., Igras, J., 2016. The effectiveness of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilization in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 22(5): 752–755
Sarandón, S.J., Gianibelli, M.C., 1990. Effect of foliar urea spraying and nitrogen application at sowing upon dry matter and nitrogen distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomie 10(3):183-189.
Siuliauskas, A., Vagusevicience, I., Liakas, V., 2001. Additional fertilization of winter wheat through leaves. International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture in Baltic States. 28-30 June 2001, Tartu, Estonia.
Smith, E.G., Janzen, H.H., Ellert, B.H., 2018. Effect of fertilizer and cropping system on grain nutrient concentrations in spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98(1): 125-131.
Soil Survey Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manuel. USDA Handbook No:18 Washington, USA.
Tiryakioğlu, M., Yildirim, M., Karanlik, S., 2014. Macronutrient concentration and remobilization in spring wheat organs during grain filling. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38: 488-494.
Walkley, A., Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37(1): 29-37.
Weinbaum, S. 1988. Foliar nutrition in fruit trees. In: Plant growth and leaf applied chemicals. Neumann, P.M. (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton. USA. pp. 81-100.
Zhigulev, A.K., 1992. Effect of foliar application of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and quality of winter wheat grain. Agrokhimiya 3(3): 3-9.