Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the suitable classification of soil quality for vineyard fields of Akçaköy, Çatalca, Efemçukuru, Görece and Yeniköy villages in Menderes district of Izmir-Turkey. In vineyard fields, soil pH gave a positive relation with Ca and significant negative relations with P, Fe, Mn and Zn contents. Soil organic matter (OM) content had significant positive relations with EC, P, Fe, Mn and Zn and significant negative relations with bulk density and CaCO3 content. Soil quality index values for the vineyard fields varied between 0.38 and 0.85 with a mean of 0.57. Only one of the 28 soil samples taken from different vineyard fields was found in very suitable (S1:1.00-0.75) class, 8 in suitable (S2:0.75-060), 12 in marginal suitable (S3:0.60-0.50) and 7 in non-suitable (N:<0.50) class according to the soil quality index (SQI). Restricting soil factors for vine growth in the fields classified in S2 and S3 classes generally became low pH, low organic matter (OM), P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mg and K contents than that of suggested levels. In addition to restring factors in S2 and S3 classes, physical properties in soils classified in N class were lower than suggested levels. The SQI values showed significant positive relations with grape yield, soil OM, P, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn contents and significant negative relations with soil pH, exch. Ca and CaCO3 contents. The grape yields had also positive relations with soil OM, Fe, Mn, Zn contents and negative correlations with soil pH and CaCO3 content. Soil quality in a vineyard field should be assessed to reach successful sustainable and precision agricultural practices for high crop production.

Keywords: Soil quality, grape, yield, soil properties.

References

Aktaş, E., 2002. Bağcılığın Türkiye Ekonomisindeki Yeri. Dünya Gıda Dergisi Sayı 7, s.1-12. .

Arnó, J., Rosell, J.R., Blanco, R., Ramos, M.C., Martínez-Casasnovas, J.A., 2012. Spatial variability in grape yield and quality influenced by soil and crop nutrition characteristics. Precision Agriculture 13(3): 393-410.

Bayram, S., Gülser, F., 2018. Van ilinde domatesin yaygın olarak yetiştirildiği alanların toprak özellikleri ile domates bitkisinin beslenme durumunun belirlenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 28(3): 358-367 [in Turkish].

Belmonte, S.A., Celi, L., Stahel, R.J., Bonifacio, E., Novello, V., Zanini, E., Steenwerth, K.L., 2018. Effect of long-term soil management on the mutual interaction among soil organic matter, microbial activity and aggregate stability in a vineyard. Pedosphere 28(2): 288–298.

Candemir, F. Gülser, C. 2011. Effects of different agricultural wastes on some soil quality indexes in clay and loamy sand fields, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42(1): 13-28.

Çelik, H., Marasalı, B., Söylemezoğlu, G., Tangolar, S., Gündüz, M., 2000. Bağcılıkta üretim hedefleri. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği V. Teknik Kongresi Bildirileri, 17-21 Ocak 2000, Ankara, Turkey. s.645-678 [in Turkish].

Çelik, S. 1998. Bağcılık (Ampeloloji), Cilt 1. Trakya Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Anadolo Matbaa Ambalaj San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Baskısı, Tekirdağ. s 426 [in Turkish].

Day, P.R., 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I, Black, C.A. (Ed.). Agronomy No. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. p. 545– 566.

Demiralay, İ., 1993: Toprak fiziksel analiz yöntemleri. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi yayınları. Erzurum, Turkey. s.111-120 [in Turkish]. 

Demir, Z., Gülser, C., 2015. Effects of rice husk compost application on soil quality parameters in greenhouse conditions. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 4(3): 185-190.

Doran, J.W., Parkin, T.B., 1996. Quantitative indicators of soil quality: A minimum data set. In: Methods for assessing soil quality. Doran, J. W., Jones, A.J. (Eds.). Soil Science society of America Special Publication 49: 25–37.

Ekberli, İ, Kerimova, E., 2005. Changes in some physico-chemical parameters in irrigated clay soils of Shirvan plain Azerbaijan. Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University 20(3): 54-59 [in Turkish].

Ekberli, İ., Kerimova, E., 2008. Functional relationships between fertility and some soil parameters. Asian Journal of Chemistry 20(3): 2320-2326.

Gücüyen, A., 2007. Manisa ili ve çevresinde bağcılıkta mekanizasyon durumu, sorunları ve iyi tarım uygulamalarına yönelik çözüm önerileri. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir. 146s [in Turkish].

Gülser, C., 2006. Effect of forage cropping treatments on soil structure and relationships with fractal dimensions. Geoderma 131 (1-3): 33-44.

Gülser, C., Kızılkaya, R., Aşkın, T., Ekberli, İ., 2015. Changes in soil quality by compost and hazelnut husk applications in a hazelnut orchard, Compost Science & Utilization 23(3): 135-141.  

Holzapfel, B., Quirk, L., Hutton, R., Holland, J., 2009. Winegrape nutrition and use of fertilisers and other nutritional supplements to sustain production. Water & Vine – Managing the challenge. Fact sheet No. 15. The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation, Adelaide, Australia.

Kacar, B., 1994. Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri III. Toprak Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları No:3. Ankara [in Turkish].

Karaca, S., Gülser, F., 2015. Some heavy metal contents related with different physiographic units and land use in Van lake basin. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 2(2): 37-42.

Karaca, S., Gülser, F., Selçuk, R., 2018. Relationships between soil properties, topography and land use in the Van Lake Basin, Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 7(2): 115-120.

Karlen, D.L., Mausbach, M.J., Doran, J.W., Cline, R.G., Harris, R.F., Schuman, G.E., 1997. Soil quality: A concept, definition, and framework for evaluation. Soil Science Society America Journal 61(1): 4–10.

Kars, N., Ekberli, İ., 2019. Çarşamba ovasının buğday bitkisi altındaki topraklarının bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi 8(1): 18-28.

Kurtural, S.K. 2011. Desired Soil Properties for Vineyard Site Preparation. Universtiy of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact 31-01. Available at [access date: 18.05.2018]: http://www.uky.edu/hort/sites/www.uky.edu.hort/files/documents/KF_31_01.pdf

Lanyon, D.M., Cass, A., Hansen, D. 2004. The effect of soil properties on vine performance. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report No. 34/04 Available at [access date: 18.05.2018]: http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/technical2004/tr34-04.pdf

Le Bissonnais, Y., Blavet, D., De Noni, G., Laurent, J.Y., Asseline, J., Chenu, C., 2007. Erodibility of Mediterranean vineyard soils: Relevant aggregate stability methods and significant soil variables. European Journal of Soil Science 58(1): 188–195.

Leake, S. 1999. Vineyard soil management. Sydney Environmental & Soil Laboratory Pty Ltd. Australia. Available at [access date: 18.05.2018]: http://www.sesl.com.au/uploads/articles/Vineyard_Soil_Management.pdf

Lindsay, W.L., Norvell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42(3): 421-428.

Loveland, P., Webb, J.. 2003. Is there a critical level of organic matter in the agricultural soils of temperate regions: a review. Soil and Tillage Research 70(1): 1–18.

Mackenzie, D.E., Christy, A.G., 2005. The role of soil chemistry in wine grape quality and sustainable soil management in vineyards. Water Science and Technology 51(1): 27-37.

Martínez‐Casasnovas, J.A., Ramos, M.C., 2009. Soil alteration due to erosion, ploughing and levelling of vineyards in north east Spain. Soil Use and Management 25(2): 183–192.

Monga, P.K., Josan, J.S., Sing, P., Kumar, B., 1990, Effect of N, P and K doses on fruit yield and quality in grapes cv. Perlette under arid irrigated region of Punjab. Indian Journal of Horticulture 47(4): 401-404.

Nelson, R.E., 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, Second Edition. Number 9, Page, A.L., Keeney, D. R., Baker, D.E., Miller, R.H., Ellis, R. Jr., Rhoades, J.D. (Eds.). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 181-198.

Olsen, S.R., Watenabe, V.C., Dean, L.A., 1954. Estimate of available phosphorous in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular. No. 939, Washington, D.C.,  USA.

Papendick, R.I., Parr. J.F., 1992. Soil quality—The key to a sustainable agriculture. American Journal Alternative Agriculture 7(1-2): 2–3.

Soil Quality Institute Staff. 1999. Soil Quality Test Kit Guide. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Quality Institute. USA. Available at [access date: 18.05.2018]: https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/WI/Soil_Quality_Test_Kit_Guide.pdf