Eurasian Journal of Soil Science

Volume 4, Issue 4, Oct 2015, Pages 287 - 300
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Stable URL: http://ejss.fess.org/10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Copyright © 2015 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies



Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China

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Pan,K., Gong,P., Wang,J., Wang,Y., Liu,C., Li,W., Zhang,L., 2015. Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China. Eurasian J Soil Sci 4(4):287 - 300. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Pan,K.,Gong,P.Wang,J.Wang,Y.Liu,C.Li,W.,& Zhang,L. Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Pan,K.,Gong,P.Wang,J.Wang,Y.Liu,C.Li,W., and ,Zhang,L."Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Pan,K.,Gong,P.Wang,J.Wang,Y.Liu,C.Li,W., and ,Zhang,L. "Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China" Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
K,Pan.P,Gong.J,Wang.Y,Wang.C,Liu.W,Li.L,Zhang "Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China" Eurasian J. Soil Sci, vol., no., pp., DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Pan,Kaiwen ;Gong,Pimin ;Wang,Jinchuang ;Wang,Yanjie ;Liu,Chenggang ;Li,Wei ;Zhang,Lin Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300

How to cite

Pan, K., Gong, P., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Li, W., Zhang, L., 2015. Applications of nitrate and ammonium fertilizers alter soil nematode food webs in a continuous cucumber cropping system in Southwestern Sichuan, China. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. 4(4): 287 - 300. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300

Author information

Kaiwen Pan , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China
Pimin Gong , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China
Jinchuang Wang , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China
Yanjie Wang , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China
Chenggang Liu , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China
Wei Li , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China
Lin Zhang , Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, China

Publication information

Issue published online: 01 Oct 2015
Article first published online : 07 May 2015
Manuscript Accepted : 04 May 2015
Manuscript Received: 09 Feb 2015
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300
Stable URL: http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.2015.4.287-300

Abstract

Nitrate (NO3--N) and ammonium (NH4+-N) fertilizers are the main forms of chemical inorganic nitrogen fertilizers that are widely used in agro-ecosystem for high yield. However, the responses of soil nematode food web to different forms and rates of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the responses of soil nematode food web to the applications of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers in a continuous cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cropping system. Nitrate (NaNO3) and ammonium (NH4HCO3) fertilizers were applied to cucumber plants at the nitrogen (N) rate of 0, 67.5, 135.0 and 202.5 kg N hm-2 before planting. It was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at Huaizi village, Leshan district, Sichuan province, Southwestern China. The effects were analyzed at the stages of seedling, blooming and fruiting, respectively. The results indicated that the numbers of nematodes were significantly higher in soils with the addition of 67.5 kg N hm-2 than the control at the seedling and blooming stages. Nematode number strongly increased at the seedling stage and decreased at the blooming and fruiting stages in nitrate-treated soils compared to the ammonium-treated. The percentage of herbivores to total nematodes significantly decreased while that of bacterivores increased with a fertilizer rate less than 135 kg N hm-2 at the seedling and fruiting stages. Nitrate significantly reduced the percentage of herbivores, and increased that of bacterivores to total nematodes by comparison with ammonium at the blooming and fruiting stages. The application of nitrate significantly increased nematode diversity and evenness, and decreased dominance at the blooming stage relative to ammonium. Nitrate significantly decreased the values of channel index at the blooming stage and maturity index at the seedling stage in comparison with ammonium, respectively. Enrichment index and structural index strongly increased at the seedling stage, and decreased at the blooming and fruiting stages under the treatment of nitrate relative to ammonium. The results suggested responses of nematode food web dependent on the rates and forms of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and stages of cucumber growth.

Keywords

Nitrogen fertilizer, soil nematodes, trophic groups, soil food web, cucumber cropping system

Corresponding author

References

Akhtar, M., Malik, A., 2000. Roles of organic soil amendments and soil organisms in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: a review. Bioresource Technology 74: 35-47.

Barker, K.R., Lehman, P.S., Huisingh, D., 1971. Influence of nitrogen and rhizobium japonicum on the activity of heteroidera glycines. Nematologica 17: 377-385.

Blakemore, L.C., 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. New Zealand Soil Bureau Scientific Report 80: 71-76.

Bongers, T., 1990. The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83: 14-19.

Bongers, T., Bongers, M., 1998. Functional diversity of nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 10: 239-251.

Bongers, T., Van der Meulen, H., Korthals, G., 1997. Inverse relationship between the nematode maturity index and plant parasite index under enriched nutrient conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 6: 195-199.

Box, J.D., 1983. Investigation of the Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent for the determination of polyphenolic substances in natural waters. Water Research 17: 511-525.

Collange, B., Navarrete, M., Peyre, G., Mateille, T., Tchamitchian, M., 2011. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) management in vegetable crop production: the challenge of an agronomic system analysis. Crop Protection 30: 1251-1262.

Djigal, D., Baudoin, E., Philippot, L., Brauman, A., Villenave, C., 2010. Shifts in size, genetic structure and activity of the soil denitrifier community by nematode grazing. European Journal of Soil Biology 46: 112-118.

Djigal, D., Chabrier, C., Duyck, P.F., Achard, R., Quénéhervé, P., Tixier, P., 2012. Cover crops alter the soil nematode food web in banana agroecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 48: 142-150.

Eifediyi, E.K., Remison, S.U., 2010. Growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as influenced by farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 7: 216-220.

Ferris H., Venette R.C, Scow K.M., 2004. Soil management to enhance bacterivore and fungivore nematode populations and their nitrogen mineralisation function. Applied Soil Ecology 25: 19-35.

Ferris, H., Bongers, T., De Goede, R., 2001. A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Applied Soil Ecology 18: 13-29.

Gong, P.M., Pan, K.W., Wang, J.C., Wang, Y.J., Han, C.M., Ma, Y.H., 2009. Effects of two forms of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers on nematode community composition and diversity in rhizosphere of cucumber in greenhouses. Acta Ecologica Sinica 29: 1009-1015.

Gong, W., Yan, X., Wang, J., Hu, T., Gong, Y., 2009a. Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat–maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma 149: 318-324.

Heuer, B., 1991. Growth, photosynthesis and protein content in cucumber plants as affected by supplied nitrogen form. Journal of Plant Nutrition 14: 363-373.

Hooks, C.R.R., Wang, K.H., Ploeg, A., McSorley, R., 2010. Using marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 46(3): 307-320.

Hu, C., Qi, Y.C., 2010. Effect of compost and chemical fertilizer on soil nematode community in a Chinese maize field. European Journal of Soil Biology 46: 230-236.

Jenkins, W., 1964. A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Reporter 48: 692.

Kayani, M.Z., Mukhtar, T., Hussain, M.A., 2012. Evaluation of nematicidal effects of Cannabis sativa L. and Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection 39: 52-56.

Keeney, D., Nelson, D., 1982. Nitrogen-inorganic forms. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, pp. 643-698.

Khan, Z., Kim, Y.H., 2007. A review on the role of predatory soil nematodes in the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 35: 370-379.

Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Liang, W., Lou, Y., Zhang, E., Liang, C., 2010. Long-term effect of fertility management on the soil nematode community in vegetable production under greenhouse conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 46: 111-118.

Li, H.Y., Pan, K.W., Liu, Q., Wang, J.C., 2009. Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B on allelopathic potential of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Scientia Horticulturae 119(3): 3140-3143.

Li, Y., Feng, J., Chen, J., Wu, J., 2007. Original vegetation type affects soil nematode communities. Applied Soil Ecology 35: 68-78.

Liang, W., Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Neher, D.A., 2005. Nematode faunal analysis in an aquic brown soil fertilised with slow-release urea, Northeast China. Applied Soil Ecology 29: 185-192.

Liang, W.J., Lou, Y.L., Li, Q., Zhong, S., Zhang, X.K., Wang, J.K., 2009. Nematode faunal response to long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure in Northeast China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 883-890.

Oka, Y., Pivonia, S., 2003. Effect of a nitrification inhibitor on nematicidal activity of organic and inorganic ammonia-releasing compounds against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Nematology 5: 505-513.

Pan, K.W., Xu, Z.H., Blumfield, T., Totua, S., Lu, M.X., 2008. In situ mineral 15N dynamics and fate of added 15NH4+ in hoop pine plantation and adjacent native forest in subtropical Australia. Journal of Soils and Sediments 8: 398-405.

Rasmussen, P., Rohde, C., 1988. Long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on organic nitrogen and carbon in a semiarid soil. Soil Scicence Society of America Journal 52: 1114-1117.

Rodriguez-Kabana, R., 1986. Organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments to soil as nematode suppressants. Journal of Nematology 18: 129-134.

Roosta, H.R., Sajjadinia, A., Rahimi, A., Schjoerring, J.K., 2009. Responses of cucumber plant to NH4+ and NO3- nutrition: The relative addition rate technique vs. cultivation at constant nitrogen concentration. Scientia Horticulturae 121: 397-403.

Sarathchandra, S.U., Ghani, A., Yeates, G.W., Burch, G., Cox, N.R., 2001. Effect of nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers on microbial and nematode diversity in pasture soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 953-964.

Schenk, M., Wehrmann, J., 1979. Potassium and phosphate uptake of cucumber plants at different ammonia supply. Plant and Soil 52(3): 415-426

Wang, K.H., McSorley, R., Marshall, A., Gallaher, R.N., 2006. Influence of organic Crotalaria juncea hay and ammonium nitrate fertilizers on soil nematode communities. Applied Soil Ecology 31: 186-198.

Wei, C.Z., Zheng, H.F., Li, Q., Lü, X.T., Yu, Q., Zhang, H.Y., Chen, Q.S., He, N.P., Kardol, P., Liang, W.J., Han, X.G., 2012. Nitrogen addition regulates soil nematode community composition through ammonium suppression. PLoS One 8, e43384.

Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., Goede, R.G.M., Freckman, D.W., Georgieva, S.S., 1993. Feeding Habits in soil nematode families and genera-an outline for soil ecologists. Journal of Nematology 25: 315-331.

Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., 1999. Nematode diversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 74: 113-135.

Yeates, G.W., Wardle, D., 1996. Nematodes as predators and prey: relationships to biological control and soil processes. Pedobiologia 40: 43-50.

Yin W., 2000. Pictorial Keys to Soil Animals of China, Beijing: Science Press.

Zhang, Y., Gu, M., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., Yu, J.Q., 2010. Effects of aqueous root extracts and hydrophobic root exudates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on nuclei DNA content and expression of cell cycle-related genes in cucumber radicles. Plant and Soil 327: 455-463.

Abstract
Nitrate (NO3--N) and ammonium (NH4+-N) fertilizers are the main forms of chemical inorganic nitrogen fertilizers that are widely used in agro-ecosystem for high yield. However, the responses of soil nematode food web to different forms and rates of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the responses of soil nematode food web to the applications of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers in a continuous cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cropping system. Nitrate (NaNO3) and ammonium (NH4HCO3) fertilizers were applied to cucumber plants at the nitrogen (N) rate of 0, 67.5, 135.0 and 202.5 kg N hm-2 before planting. It was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at Huaizi village, Leshan district, Sichuan province, Southwestern China. The effects were analyzed at the stages of seedling, blooming and fruiting, respectively. The results indicated that the numbers of nematodes were significantly higher in soils with the addition of 67.5 kg N hm-2 than the control at the seedling and blooming stages. Nematode number strongly increased at the seedling stage and decreased at the blooming and fruiting stages in nitrate-treated soils compared to the ammonium-treated. The percentage of herbivores to total nematodes significantly decreased while that of bacterivores increased with a fertilizer rate less than 135 kg N hm-2 at the seedling and fruiting stages. Nitrate significantly reduced the percentage of herbivores, and increased that of bacterivores to total nematodes by comparison with ammonium at the blooming and fruiting stages. The application of nitrate significantly increased nematode diversity and evenness, and decreased dominance at the blooming stage relative to ammonium. Nitrate significantly decreased the values of channel index at the blooming stage and maturity index at the seedling stage in comparison with ammonium, respectively. Enrichment index and structural index strongly increased at the seedling stage, and decreased at the blooming and fruiting stages under the treatment of nitrate relative to ammonium. The results suggested responses of nematode food web dependent on the rates and forms of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and stages of cucumber growth.

Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer, soil nematodes, trophic groups, soil food web, cucumber cropping system

References

Akhtar, M., Malik, A., 2000. Roles of organic soil amendments and soil organisms in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: a review. Bioresource Technology 74: 35-47.

Barker, K.R., Lehman, P.S., Huisingh, D., 1971. Influence of nitrogen and rhizobium japonicum on the activity of heteroidera glycines. Nematologica 17: 377-385.

Blakemore, L.C., 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. New Zealand Soil Bureau Scientific Report 80: 71-76.

Bongers, T., 1990. The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83: 14-19.

Bongers, T., Bongers, M., 1998. Functional diversity of nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 10: 239-251.

Bongers, T., Van der Meulen, H., Korthals, G., 1997. Inverse relationship between the nematode maturity index and plant parasite index under enriched nutrient conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 6: 195-199.

Box, J.D., 1983. Investigation of the Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent for the determination of polyphenolic substances in natural waters. Water Research 17: 511-525.

Collange, B., Navarrete, M., Peyre, G., Mateille, T., Tchamitchian, M., 2011. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) management in vegetable crop production: the challenge of an agronomic system analysis. Crop Protection 30: 1251-1262.

Djigal, D., Baudoin, E., Philippot, L., Brauman, A., Villenave, C., 2010. Shifts in size, genetic structure and activity of the soil denitrifier community by nematode grazing. European Journal of Soil Biology 46: 112-118.

Djigal, D., Chabrier, C., Duyck, P.F., Achard, R., Quénéhervé, P., Tixier, P., 2012. Cover crops alter the soil nematode food web in banana agroecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 48: 142-150.

Eifediyi, E.K., Remison, S.U., 2010. Growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as influenced by farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 7: 216-220.

Ferris H., Venette R.C, Scow K.M., 2004. Soil management to enhance bacterivore and fungivore nematode populations and their nitrogen mineralisation function. Applied Soil Ecology 25: 19-35.

Ferris, H., Bongers, T., De Goede, R., 2001. A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Applied Soil Ecology 18: 13-29.

Gong, P.M., Pan, K.W., Wang, J.C., Wang, Y.J., Han, C.M., Ma, Y.H., 2009. Effects of two forms of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers on nematode community composition and diversity in rhizosphere of cucumber in greenhouses. Acta Ecologica Sinica 29: 1009-1015.

Gong, W., Yan, X., Wang, J., Hu, T., Gong, Y., 2009a. Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat–maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma 149: 318-324.

Heuer, B., 1991. Growth, photosynthesis and protein content in cucumber plants as affected by supplied nitrogen form. Journal of Plant Nutrition 14: 363-373.

Hooks, C.R.R., Wang, K.H., Ploeg, A., McSorley, R., 2010. Using marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 46(3): 307-320.

Hu, C., Qi, Y.C., 2010. Effect of compost and chemical fertilizer on soil nematode community in a Chinese maize field. European Journal of Soil Biology 46: 230-236.

Jenkins, W., 1964. A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Reporter 48: 692.

Kayani, M.Z., Mukhtar, T., Hussain, M.A., 2012. Evaluation of nematicidal effects of Cannabis sativa L. and Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection 39: 52-56.

Keeney, D., Nelson, D., 1982. Nitrogen-inorganic forms. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, pp. 643-698.

Khan, Z., Kim, Y.H., 2007. A review on the role of predatory soil nematodes in the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 35: 370-379.

Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Liang, W., Lou, Y., Zhang, E., Liang, C., 2010. Long-term effect of fertility management on the soil nematode community in vegetable production under greenhouse conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 46: 111-118.

Li, H.Y., Pan, K.W., Liu, Q., Wang, J.C., 2009. Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B on allelopathic potential of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Scientia Horticulturae 119(3): 3140-3143.

Li, Y., Feng, J., Chen, J., Wu, J., 2007. Original vegetation type affects soil nematode communities. Applied Soil Ecology 35: 68-78.

Liang, W., Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Neher, D.A., 2005. Nematode faunal analysis in an aquic brown soil fertilised with slow-release urea, Northeast China. Applied Soil Ecology 29: 185-192.

Liang, W.J., Lou, Y.L., Li, Q., Zhong, S., Zhang, X.K., Wang, J.K., 2009. Nematode faunal response to long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure in Northeast China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 883-890.

Oka, Y., Pivonia, S., 2003. Effect of a nitrification inhibitor on nematicidal activity of organic and inorganic ammonia-releasing compounds against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Nematology 5: 505-513.

Pan, K.W., Xu, Z.H., Blumfield, T., Totua, S., Lu, M.X., 2008. In situ mineral 15N dynamics and fate of added 15NH4+ in hoop pine plantation and adjacent native forest in subtropical Australia. Journal of Soils and Sediments 8: 398-405.

Rasmussen, P., Rohde, C., 1988. Long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on organic nitrogen and carbon in a semiarid soil. Soil Scicence Society of America Journal 52: 1114-1117.

Rodriguez-Kabana, R., 1986. Organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments to soil as nematode suppressants. Journal of Nematology 18: 129-134.

Roosta, H.R., Sajjadinia, A., Rahimi, A., Schjoerring, J.K., 2009. Responses of cucumber plant to NH4+ and NO3- nutrition: The relative addition rate technique vs. cultivation at constant nitrogen concentration. Scientia Horticulturae 121: 397-403.

Sarathchandra, S.U., Ghani, A., Yeates, G.W., Burch, G., Cox, N.R., 2001. Effect of nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers on microbial and nematode diversity in pasture soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 953-964.

Schenk, M., Wehrmann, J., 1979. Potassium and phosphate uptake of cucumber plants at different ammonia supply. Plant and Soil 52(3): 415-426

Wang, K.H., McSorley, R., Marshall, A., Gallaher, R.N., 2006. Influence of organic Crotalaria juncea hay and ammonium nitrate fertilizers on soil nematode communities. Applied Soil Ecology 31: 186-198.

Wei, C.Z., Zheng, H.F., Li, Q., Lü, X.T., Yu, Q., Zhang, H.Y., Chen, Q.S., He, N.P., Kardol, P., Liang, W.J., Han, X.G., 2012. Nitrogen addition regulates soil nematode community composition through ammonium suppression. PLoS One 8, e43384.

Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., Goede, R.G.M., Freckman, D.W., Georgieva, S.S., 1993. Feeding Habits in soil nematode families and genera-an outline for soil ecologists. Journal of Nematology 25: 315-331.

Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., 1999. Nematode diversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 74: 113-135.

Yeates, G.W., Wardle, D., 1996. Nematodes as predators and prey: relationships to biological control and soil processes. Pedobiologia 40: 43-50.

Yin W., 2000. Pictorial Keys to Soil Animals of China, Beijing: Science Press.

Zhang, Y., Gu, M., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., Yu, J.Q., 2010. Effects of aqueous root extracts and hydrophobic root exudates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on nuclei DNA content and expression of cell cycle-related genes in cucumber radicles. Plant and Soil 327: 455-463.



Eurasian Journal of Soil Science