Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
Volume 15, Issue 3, Jun 2026, Pages 444-456DOI: 10.18393/ejss.1962124
Stable URL: http://ejss.fess.org/10.18393/ejss.1962124
Copyright © 2026 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Effects of a natural Illite-based mineral amendment on soil fertility, plant growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato under organic production conditions in southeastern Kazakhstan
, Bakyt Aitbayeva , Temirzhan Aitbayev , Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva 
Article first published online: 02 Jun 2026 | How to cite | Additional Information (Show All)
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Kairekenova, B., Aitbayeva, A., Nussupova, A., Maxotova, A., Aitbayeva, B., Aitbayev, T., Kenzhaliyeva, B., 2026. Effects of a natural Illite-based mineral amendment on soil fertility, plant growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato under organic production conditions in southeastern Kazakhstan. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. 15(3): 444-456. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.1962124Author information
Balausa Kairekenova , Regional branch “Kainar” of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP, Karasay, KazakhstanAkbope Aitbayeva , Regional branch “Kainar” of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP, Karasay, Kazakhstan
Aigul Nussupova , Regional branch “Kainar” of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing LLP, Karasay, Kazakhstan
Aliya Maxotova , Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Bakyt Aitbayeva , Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Named After Z.Zhimbayaev, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Temirzhan Aitbayev , Fruit & Vegetable Research Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda city, Kazakhstan
Publication information
Article first published online : 02 Jun 2026Manuscript Accepted : 22 May 2026
Manuscript Received: 12 Dec 2025
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.1962124
Stable URL: http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.1962124
Abstract
Tomato production under organic and low-input systems requires soil fertility strategies that sustain nutrient availability, plant growth, yield and fruit quality, particularly under warm and dry conditions. This study evaluated the effects of World Illite, a natural illite-based mineral amendment compatible with organic production, on soil fertility status, vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato in southeastern Kazakhstan. The experiment was conducted in 2025 on an alkaline, medium-loamy dark chestnut soil. World Illite was applied at a total seasonal rate of 4670 kg ha⁻¹ and compared with an untreated control. Biological seed treatments, the biofungicide Obogi and selected bioinsecticides were also evaluated as complementary components of an organic tomato production system. At the sampling time, World Illite-treated plots had higher humus, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium contents than the control, by 40.6%, 77.8%, 20.0% and 9.1%, respectively. These differences were accompanied by significant increases in plant height, total plant weight, fruit number and mean fruit weight, by 48.5%, 54.9%, 37.7% and 38.1%, respectively. Tomato yield increased from 34.2 to 61.5 t ha⁻¹, corresponding to a 79.82% increase. World Illite also increased soluble dry matter by 14.5% and total sugar content by 50.8%. Nitrate concentration increased significantly but remained below the maximum permissible concentration used in the study. Among the complementary biological inputs, Trichodermix produced the highest final seed germination, Obogi reduced late blight severity by 71.73%, and Actarophyt showed the strongest biological effectiveness against Colorado potato beetle larvae. The results indicate that natural illite-based mineral amendments may improve the soil fertility–plant nutrition–yield–quality relationship in organic tomato production. However, multi-year studies including pre- and post-application soil analyses, plant nutrient uptake measurements and different amendment rates are needed to clarify the mechanisms of response.Keywords
Keywords: Dark chestnut soil, illite-based amendment, nutrient availability, tomato yield, fruit quality. Corresponding author
References
Ayankojo, I.T., Morgan, K.T., 2020. Increasing air temperatures and its effects on growth and productivity of tomato in South Florida. Plants 9(9): 1245.
Bažok, R., O’Keeffe, J., Jurada, I., Drmić, Z., Balaško, M., Čačija, M., 2021. Low-dose insecticide combinations for Colorado potato beetle control. Agriculture 11(12): 1181.
Bilalis, D., Krokida, M., Roussis, I., Papastylianou, P., Travlos, I., Cheimona, N., Dede, A., 2018. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on yield and quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Folia Horticulturae 30(2): 321–332.
Cammarano, D., Ronga, D., Mola, I., Mori, M., Parisi, M., 2020. Impact of climate change on water and nitrogen use efficiencies of processing tomato cultivated in Italy. Agricultural Water Management 241: 106336.
Cantwell, G.E., Cantelo, W.W., 2017. Control of the Colorado potato beetle, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, on tomatoes with Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis. The Great Lakes Entomologist 17(4): 145–150.
Choga, T., Ngadze, E., Rugare, J.T., Mabasa, S., Makaza, W., Gwatidzo, V., Chikuta, S., Karubanga, G., 2021. Effect of botanical extracts on late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and productivity of tomato (Solanum esculentum). International Journal of Agronomy Article ID 8858818.
Fan, H., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Jiang, J., Waheed, A., Wang, S., Rasheed, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., 2023. Effects of organic fertilizer supply on soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality: A global meta-analysis. Sustainability 15(3): 2556.
Fekadu, E., Kibret, K., Bedadi, B., Melese, A., Yitaferu, B., 2018. Organic and inorganic amendments on soil chemical properties at different period of incubation of acidic soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 7(3): 273 - 283.
Gao, F., Li, H., Mu, X., Gao, H., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Cao, K., Ye, L., 2023. Effects of organic fertilizer application on tomato yield and quality: A meta-analysis. Applied Sciences 13(4): 2184.
Garbowski, T., Bar-Michalczyk, D., Charazińska, S., Grabowska-Polanowska, B., Kowalczyk, A., Lochyński, P., 2022. An overview of natural soil amendments in agriculture. Soil and Tillage Research 225: 105462.
Gopi, R., Avasthe, R.K., Kalita, H., Yadav, A., Das, S.K., Rai, D., 2020. Eco-friendly management of tomato late blight using botanicals, bio-control agents, compost tea and copper fungicides. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90(1): 35-39.
GOST 24556-89. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Vitamin C. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294829/4294829760.pdf
GOST 25550-82. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Titratable Acidity. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30545349
GOST 26107-84. Soils. Methods for determination of total nitrogen. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-56847-gost-26107-84.aspx
GOST 26205-91. Soils. Determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium by Machigin method modified by CINAO. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-55169-gost-26205-91.aspx
GOST 26213-91. Soils. Methods for determination of organic matter. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-52750-gost-26213-91.aspx
GOST 26423-85. Soils. Methods for determination of specific electric conductivity, pH and solid residue of water extract. [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/search.aspx?searchterm=GOST%202642385&showPics=1
GOST 28562-90. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Refractometric Method for the Determination of Soluble Solids Content. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data/47/4764.pdf
GOST 29270-95. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Nitrates. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294825/4294825356.pdf
GOST 34467-2018. Soils. Laboratory method for determining carbonate content. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-373925-gost-34467-2018.aspx
GOST 5180-2015. Soils. Methods for laboratory determination of physical characteristics. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-139346-gost-5180-2015.aspx
GOST 8756.13-87. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Sugars. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294821/4294821427.pdf
Hao, X., Papadopoulos, A.P., 2004. Effects of calcium and magnesium on plant growth, biomass partitioning, and fruit yield of winter greenhouse tomato. HortScience 39(3): 512–515.
He, B., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Zhong, Y., Fan, M., Gong, Q., Lu, S., Hassan, M., Li, X., 2025. Silicon application improves tomato yield and nutritional quality. BMC Plant Biology 25: 252.
Hidayat, W., Suryaningtyas, D.T., Mulyanto, B., 2024. Soil fertility based on mineralogical properties to support sustainable agriculture management. SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 21(1): 95-103.
Islam, M.A., Islam, S., Akter, A., Rahman, M.H., Nandwani, D., 2017. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and the growth, yield and quality of tomato in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Agriculture 7(3): 18.
Khosa, S.A., Ernile, K.O., Khan, K.S., Akmal, M., 2021. Phosphorus mineralization in response to organic and inorganic amendment in a semi-arid pasture soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 10(1): 26 - 31.
Kome, G.K., Enang, R.K., Tabi, F.O., Yerima, B.P.K., 2019. Influence of clay minerals on some soil fertility attributes: A review. Open Journal of Soil Science 9(9): 155–188.
Konappa, N., Krishnamurthy, S., Arakere, U.C., Chowdappa, S., Ramachandrappa, N.S., 2020. Efficacy of indigenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and Trichoderma strains in eliciting resistance against bacterial wilt in a tomato. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 30: 106.
Li, F., Yuan, Y., Shimizu, N., Magaña, J., Gong, P., Na, R., 2023. Impact of organic fertilization by the digestate from by-product on growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) and soil properties under greenhouse and field conditions. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 10: 70.
Li, H., Liu, F., Zhang, X., Gao, J., Chen, P., 2024. Magnesium deficiency or excess hinders tomato growth, potassium and calcium uptake. Plant, Soil and Environment 70: 719-730.
Li, W., Zhang, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Yu, J., 2024. Balanced fertilization enhances the nutritional value and flavor profile of tomato fruits. Foods 13(22): 3599.
Metwally, R.A., Abdelhameed, R.E., Soliman, S.A., Al-Badwy, A.H., 2022. Potential use of beneficial fungal microorganisms and C-phycocyanin extract for enhancing seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical traits of Solanum lycopersicum L. BMC Microbiology 22: 108.
Osman, M.A.M., 2018. Biological efficacy of some biorational and conventional insecticides in the control of different stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Plant Protection Science 46(3): 123–134.
Rangaswamy, T.C., Sridhara, S., Ramesh, N., Gopakkali, P., El-Ansary, D.O., Mahmoud, E.A., Abdelmohsen, S.A.M., Abdelbacki, A.M.M., Elansary, H.O., Abdel-Hamid, A.M.E., 2021. Assessing the impact of higher levels of CO₂ and temperature and their interactions on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Plants 10(2): 256.
Reyes-Pérez, J.J., Tipán-Torres, H., Llerena-Ramos, L.T., Hernández-Montiel, L.G., Rivas-García, T., 2023. Silicon increased the growth, productivity, and nutraceutical quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51(2): 13155.
Rodrigues, L.G., Borges, W.L.B., Modesto, V.C., Ribeiro, N.M., De Souza, N.F., Girardi, V.C., Matos, A.K.A., Silva, B.M., Galindo, F.S., Andreotti, M., 2024. Use of soil remineralizer to replace conventional fertilizers: Effects on soil fertility, enzymatic parameters, and soybean and sorghum productivity. Agriculture 14(12): 2153.
Rotaru, V., Todiras, V., 2023. Effect of ecological product Carbecol and biofertilizer Ecolit on management of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and productivity of tomato (Solanum esculentum) plants. Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series 52(1): 1352.
Su, J., Liu, C., Tampus, K., Lin, Y., Huang, C., 2022. Organic amendment types influence soil properties, the soil bacterial microbiome, and tomato growth. Agronomy 12(5): 1236.
Swoboda, P., Döring, T.F., Hamer, M., 2021. Remineralizing soils? The agricultural usage of silicate rock powders: A review. Science of the Total Environment 807: 150976.
Tambe, A.A., Mfombep, P.M., Julie, D.T., Egbe, L.E., Tabot, P.T., Dengiz, O., Agbor, D.T., 2024. Tomato varieties superiority assessment under organic and inorganic (granular and foliar) fertilization in sandy clay soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 13(1): 1 - 9.
Tao, W., Wu, Q., Zhang, J., Chang, T., Liu, X., 2024. Effects of applying organic amendments on soil aggregate structure and tomato yield in facility agriculture. Plants 13(21): 3064.
Tüzel, Y., Kayikcioglu, H., Durdu, T., Harouna, O., Tunalı, U., Öztekin, G., Tutal, A., Tepecik, M., Kaygısız, T., Kandemir, B., Gruda, N., 2025. Enhancing tomato drought resilience with organic amendments and local landraces. Scientific Reports 15: 12098.
Vijayakumar, A., Shaji, S., Beena, R., Sarada, S., Rani, S., Stephen, R., Manju, R., Viji, M., 2021. High temperature induced changes in quality and yield parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and similarity coefficients among genotypes using SSR markers. Heliyon 7(2): e05988.
Wang, W., Long, Y., 2023. A review of biocontrol agents in controlling late blight of potatoes and tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans and the underlying mechanisms. Pest Management Science 79(12): 4679–4690.
Yang, J., Mattoo, A.K., Liu, Y., Zvomuya, F., He, H., 2023. Trade-offs of organic and organic-inorganic fertilizer combinations in tomato quality and yield: A global meta-analysis, 1992–2021. European Journal of Agronomy 147: 126985.
Ye, L., Zhao, X., Bao, E., Li, J., Zou, Z., Cao, K., 2020. Bio-organic fertilizer with reduced rates of chemical fertilization improves soil fertility and enhances tomato yield and quality. Scientific Reports 10: 177.
Zhang, Y., Liang, Y., Zhao, X., Jin, X., Hou, L., Shi, Y., Ahammed, G.J., 2019. Silicon compensates phosphorus deficit-induced growth inhibition by improving photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant potential, and nutrient homeostasis in tomato. Agronomy 9(11): 733.
Abstract
Tomato production under organic and low-input systems requires soil fertility strategies that sustain nutrient availability, plant growth, yield and fruit quality, particularly under warm and dry conditions. This study evaluated the effects of World Illite, a natural illite-based mineral amendment compatible with organic production, on soil fertility status, vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato in southeastern Kazakhstan. The experiment was conducted in 2025 on an alkaline, medium-loamy dark chestnut soil. World Illite was applied at a total seasonal rate of 4670 kg ha⁻¹ and compared with an untreated control. Biological seed treatments, the biofungicide Obogi and selected bioinsecticides were also evaluated as complementary components of an organic tomato production system. At the sampling time, World Illite-treated plots had higher humus, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium contents than the control, by 40.6%, 77.8%, 20.0% and 9.1%, respectively. These differences were accompanied by significant increases in plant height, total plant weight, fruit number and mean fruit weight, by 48.5%, 54.9%, 37.7% and 38.1%, respectively. Tomato yield increased from 34.2 to 61.5 t ha⁻¹, corresponding to a 79.82% increase. World Illite also increased soluble dry matter by 14.5% and total sugar content by 50.8%. Nitrate concentration increased significantly but remained below the maximum permissible concentration used in the study. Among the complementary biological inputs, Trichodermix produced the highest final seed germination, Obogi reduced late blight severity by 71.73%, and Actarophyt showed the strongest biological effectiveness against Colorado potato beetle larvae. The results indicate that natural illite-based mineral amendments may improve the soil fertility–plant nutrition–yield–quality relationship in organic tomato production. However, multi-year studies including pre- and post-application soil analyses, plant nutrient uptake measurements and different amendment rates are needed to clarify the mechanisms of response.
Keywords: Dark chestnut soil, illite-based amendment, nutrient availability, tomato yield, fruit quality.
References
Ayankojo, I.T., Morgan, K.T., 2020. Increasing air temperatures and its effects on growth and productivity of tomato in South Florida. Plants 9(9): 1245.
Bažok, R., O’Keeffe, J., Jurada, I., Drmić, Z., Balaško, M., Čačija, M., 2021. Low-dose insecticide combinations for Colorado potato beetle control. Agriculture 11(12): 1181.
Bilalis, D., Krokida, M., Roussis, I., Papastylianou, P., Travlos, I., Cheimona, N., Dede, A., 2018. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on yield and quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Folia Horticulturae 30(2): 321–332.
Cammarano, D., Ronga, D., Mola, I., Mori, M., Parisi, M., 2020. Impact of climate change on water and nitrogen use efficiencies of processing tomato cultivated in Italy. Agricultural Water Management 241: 106336.
Cantwell, G.E., Cantelo, W.W., 2017. Control of the Colorado potato beetle, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, on tomatoes with Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis. The Great Lakes Entomologist 17(4): 145–150.
Choga, T., Ngadze, E., Rugare, J.T., Mabasa, S., Makaza, W., Gwatidzo, V., Chikuta, S., Karubanga, G., 2021. Effect of botanical extracts on late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and productivity of tomato (Solanum esculentum). International Journal of Agronomy Article ID 8858818.
Fan, H., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Jiang, J., Waheed, A., Wang, S., Rasheed, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., 2023. Effects of organic fertilizer supply on soil properties, tomato yield, and fruit quality: A global meta-analysis. Sustainability 15(3): 2556.
Fekadu, E., Kibret, K., Bedadi, B., Melese, A., Yitaferu, B., 2018. Organic and inorganic amendments on soil chemical properties at different period of incubation of acidic soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 7(3): 273 - 283.
Gao, F., Li, H., Mu, X., Gao, H., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Cao, K., Ye, L., 2023. Effects of organic fertilizer application on tomato yield and quality: A meta-analysis. Applied Sciences 13(4): 2184.
Garbowski, T., Bar-Michalczyk, D., Charazińska, S., Grabowska-Polanowska, B., Kowalczyk, A., Lochyński, P., 2022. An overview of natural soil amendments in agriculture. Soil and Tillage Research 225: 105462.
Gopi, R., Avasthe, R.K., Kalita, H., Yadav, A., Das, S.K., Rai, D., 2020. Eco-friendly management of tomato late blight using botanicals, bio-control agents, compost tea and copper fungicides. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90(1): 35-39.
GOST 24556-89. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Vitamin C. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294829/4294829760.pdf
GOST 25550-82. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Titratable Acidity. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30545349
GOST 26107-84. Soils. Methods for determination of total nitrogen. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-56847-gost-26107-84.aspx
GOST 26205-91. Soils. Determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium by Machigin method modified by CINAO. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-55169-gost-26205-91.aspx
GOST 26213-91. Soils. Methods for determination of organic matter. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-52750-gost-26213-91.aspx
GOST 26423-85. Soils. Methods for determination of specific electric conductivity, pH and solid residue of water extract. [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/search.aspx?searchterm=GOST%202642385&showPics=1
GOST 28562-90. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Refractometric Method for the Determination of Soluble Solids Content. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data/47/4764.pdf
GOST 29270-95. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Nitrates. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294825/4294825356.pdf
GOST 34467-2018. Soils. Laboratory method for determining carbonate content. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-373925-gost-34467-2018.aspx
GOST 5180-2015. Soils. Methods for laboratory determination of physical characteristics. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-139346-gost-5180-2015.aspx
GOST 8756.13-87. Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for the Determination of Sugars. Available at [Access date: 12.12.2025]: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294821/4294821427.pdf
Hao, X., Papadopoulos, A.P., 2004. Effects of calcium and magnesium on plant growth, biomass partitioning, and fruit yield of winter greenhouse tomato. HortScience 39(3): 512–515.
He, B., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Zhong, Y., Fan, M., Gong, Q., Lu, S., Hassan, M., Li, X., 2025. Silicon application improves tomato yield and nutritional quality. BMC Plant Biology 25: 252.
Hidayat, W., Suryaningtyas, D.T., Mulyanto, B., 2024. Soil fertility based on mineralogical properties to support sustainable agriculture management. SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 21(1): 95-103.
Islam, M.A., Islam, S., Akter, A., Rahman, M.H., Nandwani, D., 2017. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and the growth, yield and quality of tomato in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Agriculture 7(3): 18.
Khosa, S.A., Ernile, K.O., Khan, K.S., Akmal, M., 2021. Phosphorus mineralization in response to organic and inorganic amendment in a semi-arid pasture soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 10(1): 26 - 31.
Kome, G.K., Enang, R.K., Tabi, F.O., Yerima, B.P.K., 2019. Influence of clay minerals on some soil fertility attributes: A review. Open Journal of Soil Science 9(9): 155–188.
Konappa, N., Krishnamurthy, S., Arakere, U.C., Chowdappa, S., Ramachandrappa, N.S., 2020. Efficacy of indigenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and Trichoderma strains in eliciting resistance against bacterial wilt in a tomato. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 30: 106.
Li, F., Yuan, Y., Shimizu, N., Magaña, J., Gong, P., Na, R., 2023. Impact of organic fertilization by the digestate from by-product on growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) and soil properties under greenhouse and field conditions. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 10: 70.
Li, H., Liu, F., Zhang, X., Gao, J., Chen, P., 2024. Magnesium deficiency or excess hinders tomato growth, potassium and calcium uptake. Plant, Soil and Environment 70: 719-730.
Li, W., Zhang, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Yu, J., 2024. Balanced fertilization enhances the nutritional value and flavor profile of tomato fruits. Foods 13(22): 3599.
Metwally, R.A., Abdelhameed, R.E., Soliman, S.A., Al-Badwy, A.H., 2022. Potential use of beneficial fungal microorganisms and C-phycocyanin extract for enhancing seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical traits of Solanum lycopersicum L. BMC Microbiology 22: 108.
Osman, M.A.M., 2018. Biological efficacy of some biorational and conventional insecticides in the control of different stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Plant Protection Science 46(3): 123–134.
Rangaswamy, T.C., Sridhara, S., Ramesh, N., Gopakkali, P., El-Ansary, D.O., Mahmoud, E.A., Abdelmohsen, S.A.M., Abdelbacki, A.M.M., Elansary, H.O., Abdel-Hamid, A.M.E., 2021. Assessing the impact of higher levels of CO₂ and temperature and their interactions on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Plants 10(2): 256.
Reyes-Pérez, J.J., Tipán-Torres, H., Llerena-Ramos, L.T., Hernández-Montiel, L.G., Rivas-García, T., 2023. Silicon increased the growth, productivity, and nutraceutical quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51(2): 13155.
Rodrigues, L.G., Borges, W.L.B., Modesto, V.C., Ribeiro, N.M., De Souza, N.F., Girardi, V.C., Matos, A.K.A., Silva, B.M., Galindo, F.S., Andreotti, M., 2024. Use of soil remineralizer to replace conventional fertilizers: Effects on soil fertility, enzymatic parameters, and soybean and sorghum productivity. Agriculture 14(12): 2153.
Rotaru, V., Todiras, V., 2023. Effect of ecological product Carbecol and biofertilizer Ecolit on management of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and productivity of tomato (Solanum esculentum) plants. Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series 52(1): 1352.
Su, J., Liu, C., Tampus, K., Lin, Y., Huang, C., 2022. Organic amendment types influence soil properties, the soil bacterial microbiome, and tomato growth. Agronomy 12(5): 1236.
Swoboda, P., Döring, T.F., Hamer, M., 2021. Remineralizing soils? The agricultural usage of silicate rock powders: A review. Science of the Total Environment 807: 150976.
Tambe, A.A., Mfombep, P.M., Julie, D.T., Egbe, L.E., Tabot, P.T., Dengiz, O., Agbor, D.T., 2024. Tomato varieties superiority assessment under organic and inorganic (granular and foliar) fertilization in sandy clay soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 13(1): 1 - 9.
Tao, W., Wu, Q., Zhang, J., Chang, T., Liu, X., 2024. Effects of applying organic amendments on soil aggregate structure and tomato yield in facility agriculture. Plants 13(21): 3064.
Tüzel, Y., Kayikcioglu, H., Durdu, T., Harouna, O., Tunalı, U., Öztekin, G., Tutal, A., Tepecik, M., Kaygısız, T., Kandemir, B., Gruda, N., 2025. Enhancing tomato drought resilience with organic amendments and local landraces. Scientific Reports 15: 12098.
Vijayakumar, A., Shaji, S., Beena, R., Sarada, S., Rani, S., Stephen, R., Manju, R., Viji, M., 2021. High temperature induced changes in quality and yield parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and similarity coefficients among genotypes using SSR markers. Heliyon 7(2): e05988.
Wang, W., Long, Y., 2023. A review of biocontrol agents in controlling late blight of potatoes and tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans and the underlying mechanisms. Pest Management Science 79(12): 4679–4690.
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