Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
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DOI: 10.18393/ejss.1821553(This number will become active after the manuscript has been selected for inclusion in an issue)
Stable URL: http://ejss.fess.org/10.18393/ejss.1821553
Copyright © 2025 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Effects of toposequences on soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities in semi-arid landscapes
, Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva , Liza Zhussupova , Ainur Demesinova , , Zhanat Amirzhanova , Tayfun Aşkın , Rahila İslamzade , Rıdvan Kızılkaya 
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Yeleuova, E., Smanov, A., Kenzhaliyeva, B., Zhussupova, L., Demesinova, A., , ., Amirzhanova, Z., Aşkın , T., İslamzade, R., Kızılkaya, R., 2025. Effects of toposequences on soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities in semi-arid landscapes. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.1821553Author information
Elmira Yeleuova , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, KazakhstanAshirali Smanov , Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Liza Zhussupova , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Ainur Demesinova , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
,
Zhanat Amirzhanova , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Tayfun Aşkın , Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Ordu, Türkiye
Rahila İslamzade , Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Rıdvan Kızılkaya , Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Samsun, Türkiye
Publication information
Article first published online : 11 Nov 2025Manuscript Accepted : 03 Nov 2025
Manuscript Received: 12 May 2025
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.1821553
Stable URL: http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.1821553
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of landscape position and parent material on soil physicochemical properties and biological functioning along the Çankırı–Acıçay River toposequence. Our objectives were to (i) characterize six representative soil profiles, (ii) quantify the range and spatial variation of key hydrolytic enzyme activities (urease, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase), and (iii) evaluate the relationships between soil properties and enzymatic activity. The transect encompasses distinct lithologies: right-bank soils developed on Quaternary alluvial deposits (terraces/floodplains), while left-bank soils evolved from a complex mix including Oligo-Miocene gypsum and rock-salt strata (steep slopes). These differences resulted in classifications as Entisols, Inceptisols, and Mollisols, and distinct variations in particle-size distribution and organic matter (OM) accumulation across the profiles. Results showed that topography-driven erosion and deposition strongly controlled soil OM dynamics, which was the primary regulator of enzymatic activity. OM correlated with all enzymes, r = 0.81** to 0.89**. The old river terrace soils (depositional areas) exhibited the highest enzyme activities due to greater OM and finer texture, confirming their function as biological "hotspots". Conversely, upper-slope and gypsiferous soils displayed minimal enzymatic potential. In conclusion, variations in landscape position and parent material fundamentally alter both soil development and enzyme-mediated nutrient cycling within the semi-arid landscape of the Çankırı–Acıçay River basin.Keywords
Soil genesis, soil landscape, enzyme activity, toposequence, organic matter. Corresponding author
References
Amador, J.A., Glucksman, A.M., Lyons, J.B., Görres, J.H., 1997. Spatial distribution of soil phosphatase activity within a riparian forest. Soil Science 162(11): 808-825.
Aşkın, T., Kızılkaya, R., 2006. Assessing spatial variability of soil enzyme activities in pasture topsoils using geostatistics. European Journal of Soil Biology 42(4): 230-237.
Bergstrom, D.W., Monreal, C.M., Millette, J.A., King, D.J., 1998. Spatial dependence of soil enzyme activities along a slope. Soil Science Society America Journal 62(5): 1302-1308.
Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, New York. 430 pp.
Birol, M., Günal, H., 2024. Response of β-glucosidase enzyme activity of soil to biochar applications in a crop rotation at Blacksea agroecosystem. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 13(4): 294 - 302.
Boul, S.W., Southard, R.J., Graham, R.C., McDaniel, P.A., 2011. Soil Genesis and Classification. 6th Edition. Wiley. 576p.
Bouyoucous, G.J., 1951. A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 43: 434-438.
Bremner, J.M., Mulvaney, R.L., 1978. Urease activity in soils. In: Soil enzymes, Burns, R.G. (Ed.). Academic Press, New York, USA. pp.149-196.
Brubaker, S.C., Jones, A.J., Lewis, D.T., Frank, K., 1993. Soil properties associated with landscape position. Soil Science Society America Journal 57(1): 235-239.
Ciolkosz, E.J., Waltman, W.J., Simpson, T.W., Dobos, R.R., 1989. Distribution and genesis of soils of the Northeastern United States. Geomorphology 2(1-3): 285-302.
Dahlgeren, R.H., Boettinger, J.L., Huntington, G.L., Amundson, R.G., 1997. Soil development along an evlevational transect in the western Sierra Nevada, California. Geoderma 78(3-4): 207-236.
Dick, W.A., Tabatabai, M.A., 1992. Potential uses of soil enzymes. In: Meeting F.B. (Ed.), Soil microbial ecology: applications in agricultural and environmental management. Marcel dekker, New York. pp.95-127.
Doran, J.W., Parkin, T.B., 1994. Defining and assessing soil quality. In: Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Stewart, B.A., Bezdicek, D.F. (Eds.). SSSA Special Publication No. 35. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 1–21.
Eivazi, F., Tabatabai, M.A., 1988. Glucosidases and galactosidases in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20(5): 601-606.
Fu, B.J., Liu, S.L., Chen, L.D., Lü, Y.H., Qiu, J., 2004. Soil quality regime in relation to land cover and slope position across a highly modified slope landscape. Ecological Research 19(1): 111–118.
Gerrard, A.J., 1981. Soils and Landforms. An Integration of Geomorphology and Pedology. Allen and Unwin, 282p.
Hall, G.F., 1983. Pedology and geomorphology. Developments in Soil Science: Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy: I. Concepts and Interactions. In: Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., Hall, G.F. (Eds). Elsevier, pp. 117-140.
Hoffmann, G.G., Teicher, K., 1961. Ein Kolorimetrisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Urease Aktivitat in Böden. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 95(1): 55–63.
Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation-A System of Quantitative Pedology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 281 pp.
Jenny, H., 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer-Verlag, New York, 378 p.
Kennedy, A.C., Papendick, R.I., 1995. Microbial characteristics of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50(3): 243-428.
Kızılkaya, R., Aşkın, T., Bayraklı, B., Sağlam, M., 2004. Microbiological characteristics of soils contaminated with heavy metals. European Journal of Soil Biology 40(2): 95-102.
Kızılkaya, R., Bayraklı, B., 2005. Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities. Applied Soil Ecology 30(3): 192-202
Kreznor, W.R., Olson, K.R., Banwart, W.L., Johnson. D.L., 1989. Soil landscape and erosion relationships in a Northwest Illinois watershed. Soil Science Society of American Journal 53(6): 1763-1771.
Kussainova , M., Durmuş, M., Erkoçak, A., Kızılkaya, R.., 2013. Soil dehydrogenase activity of natural macro aggregates in a toposequence of forest soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 2(1): 69 - 75.
Leirós, M.C., Trasar-Cepeda, C., Seoane, S., Gil-Sotres, F., 2000. Biochemical properties of acid soils under climax vegetation (Atlantic oakwood) in an area of the European temperate–humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain): general parameters. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32(6): 733-745.
Loeppert, R.H., Suarez, D.L., 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 Chemical Methods, 5.3. Sparks, D., Page, A., Helmke, P., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston C.T., Sumner M.E. (Eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 437-475.
McDaniel, P.A., Bathke, G.R., Boul, S.W., Cassel, D.K., Falen, A.L, 1992. Secondary manganese/iron ratios as pedochemical indicators of field-scale throughflow water movement. Soil Science Society America Journal 56(4): 1211-1217.
McFadden, L.D., Knuepfer, P.L.K., 1990. Soil Geomorphology: The linkage of pedology and superficial processes. In: Soils and Landscape evaluation. Geomorphology. Knuepfer, P.L.K., McFadden, L.D. (Eds.). Vol 3, pp.197-205.
McIntosh, P.D., Lynn, I.H., Johnstone, P.D., 2000. Creating and testing a geometric soil landscape model in dry steep lands using a very low sampling density. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38(1): 101–112.
Muminova , S., Bayadilova, G., Mukhametzhanova, O., Seilgazina, S., Zhumabayeva, R., Rvaidarova, G., 2023. The effects of feeding with organic waste by terrestrial isopod Philoscia Muscorum on enzyme activities in an incubated soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 12(2): 122 - 126.
Peech, M., 1965. Hydrogen-Ion Activity. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., Clark F.E. (Eds.), Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 914-926.
Phillips, D.H., Foss, J.E., Stiles, C.A., Trettin, C.C., Luxmoore, R.J., 2001. Soil–landscape relationships at the lower reaches of a watershed at Bear Creek near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Catena 44(3): 205-222.
Porta, J., 1998. Methodologies for the analysis and characterization of gypsum in soils: a review. Geoderma 87(1-2): 31-36.
Power, J.F., Sandoval, F.M., Ries, R.E., Merrill, S.D., 1981. Effects of topsoil and subsoil thickness on soil water content and crop production on a disturbed soil. Soil Science Society of American Journal 45(1): 124-129.
Rezaei, S.A., Gilkes, R.J., 2005. The effects of landscape attributes and plant community on soil physical properties in rangelands. Geoderma 125: 145-154.
Rowell, D.L., 1996. Soil Science: methods and applications. Longman, UK. 350p.
Soil Survey Manual, 2017. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18., USA. Available at [Access date: 12.02.2025]: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Survey-Manual.pdf
Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil Taxonomy. A Basic of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Survey. USDA Handbook No: 436, Washington D.C. USA. Available at [Access date: 12.02.2025]: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Soil%20Taxonomy.pdf
Speir, T.W., Ross, D.J., 1978. Soil phosphatase and sulphatase. In: Soil enzymes. Burns, R.G. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 198-235.
Tabatabai, M.A., 1994. Soil enzymes. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. Weaver, R.W., Angle, S., Bottomley, P., Bezdicek, D., Smith, S., Tabatabai, A., Wollum, A. (Eds.). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 775-826.
Tabatabai, M.A., Bremner, J.M., 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1(4): 301-307.
Tabatabai, M.A., Bremner, J.M., 1970. Arylsulphatase activity of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 34(2): 225-229.
Walkley, A., Black, C.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37(1): 29–38.
Wang, S., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Li, C., 2025. Soil texture’s hidden ınfluence: Decoding plant diversity patterns in arid ecosystems. Soil Systems 9(3): 84.
Wierenga, P.J., Hendrickx, J.M.H., Nash, M.H., Ludwing, J., Daugherty, L.A., 1987. Variation of soil and vegetation with distance along transect in the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 13(1): 53-63.
Yertayeva, Z., Kızılkaya, R., Kaldybayev, S., Seitkali, N., Abdraimova, N., Zhamangarayeva, A., 2019. Changes in biological soil quality indicators under saline soil condition after amelioration with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivation in meadow Solonchak. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 8(3): 189-195.
Yuan, Y., Liu, S., Wu, M., Zhong, M., Shahid, M.Z., Liu, Y., 2021. Effects of topography and soil properties on the distribution and fractionation of REEs in topsoil: A case study in Sichuan Basin, China. Science of The Total Environment 791: 148404.
Zaman, M., Cameron, K.C., Di, H.J., Inubushi, K., 2002. Changes in mineral N, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in different soil depths after surface applications of dairy shed effluent and chemical fertilizer. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 63: 275–290.
Zhang, J., Wang, S., Fu, Z., Wang, F., Wang, K., Chen, H., 2024. Soil thickness influences the control effect of micro-topography on subsurface runoff generation in the karst hillslope critical zone. Catena 239: 107957.
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of landscape position and parent material on soil physicochemical properties and biological functioning along the Çankırı–Acıçay River toposequence. Our objectives were to (i) characterize six representative soil profiles, (ii) quantify the range and spatial variation of key hydrolytic enzyme activities (urease, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase), and (iii) evaluate the relationships between soil properties and enzymatic activity. The transect encompasses distinct lithologies: right-bank soils developed on Quaternary alluvial deposits (terraces/floodplains), while left-bank soils evolved from a complex mix including Oligo-Miocene gypsum and rock-salt strata (steep slopes). These differences resulted in classifications as Entisols, Inceptisols, and Mollisols, and distinct variations in particle-size distribution and organic matter (OM) accumulation across the profiles. Results showed that topography-driven erosion and deposition strongly controlled soil OM dynamics, which was the primary regulator of enzymatic activity. OM correlated with all enzymes, r = 0.81** to 0.89**. The old river terrace soils (depositional areas) exhibited the highest enzyme activities due to greater OM and finer texture, confirming their function as biological "hotspots". Conversely, upper-slope and gypsiferous soils displayed minimal enzymatic potential. In conclusion, variations in landscape position and parent material fundamentally alter both soil development and enzyme-mediated nutrient cycling within the semi-arid landscape of the Çankırı–Acıçay River basin.
Keywords: Soil genesis, soil landscape, enzyme activity, toposequence, organic matter.
References
Amador, J.A., Glucksman, A.M., Lyons, J.B., Görres, J.H., 1997. Spatial distribution of soil phosphatase activity within a riparian forest. Soil Science 162(11): 808-825.
Aşkın, T., Kızılkaya, R., 2006. Assessing spatial variability of soil enzyme activities in pasture topsoils using geostatistics. European Journal of Soil Biology 42(4): 230-237.
Bergstrom, D.W., Monreal, C.M., Millette, J.A., King, D.J., 1998. Spatial dependence of soil enzyme activities along a slope. Soil Science Society America Journal 62(5): 1302-1308.
Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, New York. 430 pp.
Birol, M., Günal, H., 2024. Response of β-glucosidase enzyme activity of soil to biochar applications in a crop rotation at Blacksea agroecosystem. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 13(4): 294 - 302.
Boul, S.W., Southard, R.J., Graham, R.C., McDaniel, P.A., 2011. Soil Genesis and Classification. 6th Edition. Wiley. 576p.
Bouyoucous, G.J., 1951. A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 43: 434-438.
Bremner, J.M., Mulvaney, R.L., 1978. Urease activity in soils. In: Soil enzymes, Burns, R.G. (Ed.). Academic Press, New York, USA. pp.149-196.
Brubaker, S.C., Jones, A.J., Lewis, D.T., Frank, K., 1993. Soil properties associated with landscape position. Soil Science Society America Journal 57(1): 235-239.
Ciolkosz, E.J., Waltman, W.J., Simpson, T.W., Dobos, R.R., 1989. Distribution and genesis of soils of the Northeastern United States. Geomorphology 2(1-3): 285-302.
Dahlgeren, R.H., Boettinger, J.L., Huntington, G.L., Amundson, R.G., 1997. Soil development along an evlevational transect in the western Sierra Nevada, California. Geoderma 78(3-4): 207-236.
Dick, W.A., Tabatabai, M.A., 1992. Potential uses of soil enzymes. In: Meeting F.B. (Ed.), Soil microbial ecology: applications in agricultural and environmental management. Marcel dekker, New York. pp.95-127.
Doran, J.W., Parkin, T.B., 1994. Defining and assessing soil quality. In: Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Stewart, B.A., Bezdicek, D.F. (Eds.). SSSA Special Publication No. 35. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 1–21.
Eivazi, F., Tabatabai, M.A., 1988. Glucosidases and galactosidases in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20(5): 601-606.
Fu, B.J., Liu, S.L., Chen, L.D., Lü, Y.H., Qiu, J., 2004. Soil quality regime in relation to land cover and slope position across a highly modified slope landscape. Ecological Research 19(1): 111–118.
Gerrard, A.J., 1981. Soils and Landforms. An Integration of Geomorphology and Pedology. Allen and Unwin, 282p.
Hall, G.F., 1983. Pedology and geomorphology. Developments in Soil Science: Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy: I. Concepts and Interactions. In: Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., Hall, G.F. (Eds). Elsevier, pp. 117-140.
Hoffmann, G.G., Teicher, K., 1961. Ein Kolorimetrisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Urease Aktivitat in Böden. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 95(1): 55–63.
Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation-A System of Quantitative Pedology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 281 pp.
Jenny, H., 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer-Verlag, New York, 378 p.
Kennedy, A.C., Papendick, R.I., 1995. Microbial characteristics of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50(3): 243-428.
Kızılkaya, R., Aşkın, T., Bayraklı, B., Sağlam, M., 2004. Microbiological characteristics of soils contaminated with heavy metals. European Journal of Soil Biology 40(2): 95-102.
Kızılkaya, R., Bayraklı, B., 2005. Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities. Applied Soil Ecology 30(3): 192-202
Kreznor, W.R., Olson, K.R., Banwart, W.L., Johnson. D.L., 1989. Soil landscape and erosion relationships in a Northwest Illinois watershed. Soil Science Society of American Journal 53(6): 1763-1771.
Kussainova , M., Durmuş, M., Erkoçak, A., Kızılkaya, R.., 2013. Soil dehydrogenase activity of natural macro aggregates in a toposequence of forest soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 2(1): 69 - 75.
Leirós, M.C., Trasar-Cepeda, C., Seoane, S., Gil-Sotres, F., 2000. Biochemical properties of acid soils under climax vegetation (Atlantic oakwood) in an area of the European temperate–humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain): general parameters. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32(6): 733-745.
Loeppert, R.H., Suarez, D.L., 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 Chemical Methods, 5.3. Sparks, D., Page, A., Helmke, P., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston C.T., Sumner M.E. (Eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 437-475.
McDaniel, P.A., Bathke, G.R., Boul, S.W., Cassel, D.K., Falen, A.L, 1992. Secondary manganese/iron ratios as pedochemical indicators of field-scale throughflow water movement. Soil Science Society America Journal 56(4): 1211-1217.
McFadden, L.D., Knuepfer, P.L.K., 1990. Soil Geomorphology: The linkage of pedology and superficial processes. In: Soils and Landscape evaluation. Geomorphology. Knuepfer, P.L.K., McFadden, L.D. (Eds.). Vol 3, pp.197-205.
McIntosh, P.D., Lynn, I.H., Johnstone, P.D., 2000. Creating and testing a geometric soil landscape model in dry steep lands using a very low sampling density. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38(1): 101–112.
Muminova , S., Bayadilova, G., Mukhametzhanova, O., Seilgazina, S., Zhumabayeva, R., Rvaidarova, G., 2023. The effects of feeding with organic waste by terrestrial isopod Philoscia Muscorum on enzyme activities in an incubated soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 12(2): 122 - 126.
Peech, M., 1965. Hydrogen-Ion Activity. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., Clark F.E. (Eds.), Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 914-926.
Phillips, D.H., Foss, J.E., Stiles, C.A., Trettin, C.C., Luxmoore, R.J., 2001. Soil–landscape relationships at the lower reaches of a watershed at Bear Creek near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Catena 44(3): 205-222.
Porta, J., 1998. Methodologies for the analysis and characterization of gypsum in soils: a review. Geoderma 87(1-2): 31-36.
Power, J.F., Sandoval, F.M., Ries, R.E., Merrill, S.D., 1981. Effects of topsoil and subsoil thickness on soil water content and crop production on a disturbed soil. Soil Science Society of American Journal 45(1): 124-129.
Rezaei, S.A., Gilkes, R.J., 2005. The effects of landscape attributes and plant community on soil physical properties in rangelands. Geoderma 125: 145-154.
Rowell, D.L., 1996. Soil Science: methods and applications. Longman, UK. 350p.
Soil Survey Manual, 2017. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18., USA. Available at [Access date: 12.02.2025]: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Survey-Manual.pdf
Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil Taxonomy. A Basic of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Survey. USDA Handbook No: 436, Washington D.C. USA. Available at [Access date: 12.02.2025]: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Soil%20Taxonomy.pdf
Speir, T.W., Ross, D.J., 1978. Soil phosphatase and sulphatase. In: Soil enzymes. Burns, R.G. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 198-235.
Tabatabai, M.A., 1994. Soil enzymes. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. Weaver, R.W., Angle, S., Bottomley, P., Bezdicek, D., Smith, S., Tabatabai, A., Wollum, A. (Eds.). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 775-826.
Tabatabai, M.A., Bremner, J.M., 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1(4): 301-307.
Tabatabai, M.A., Bremner, J.M., 1970. Arylsulphatase activity of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 34(2): 225-229.
Walkley, A., Black, C.A., 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37(1): 29–38.
Wang, S., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Li, C., 2025. Soil texture’s hidden ınfluence: Decoding plant diversity patterns in arid ecosystems. Soil Systems 9(3): 84.
Wierenga, P.J., Hendrickx, J.M.H., Nash, M.H., Ludwing, J., Daugherty, L.A., 1987. Variation of soil and vegetation with distance along transect in the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 13(1): 53-63.
Yertayeva, Z., Kızılkaya, R., Kaldybayev, S., Seitkali, N., Abdraimova, N., Zhamangarayeva, A., 2019. Changes in biological soil quality indicators under saline soil condition after amelioration with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivation in meadow Solonchak. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 8(3): 189-195.
Yuan, Y., Liu, S., Wu, M., Zhong, M., Shahid, M.Z., Liu, Y., 2021. Effects of topography and soil properties on the distribution and fractionation of REEs in topsoil: A case study in Sichuan Basin, China. Science of The Total Environment 791: 148404.
Zaman, M., Cameron, K.C., Di, H.J., Inubushi, K., 2002. Changes in mineral N, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in different soil depths after surface applications of dairy shed effluent and chemical fertilizer. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 63: 275–290.
Zhang, J., Wang, S., Fu, Z., Wang, F., Wang, K., Chen, H., 2024. Soil thickness influences the control effect of micro-topography on subsurface runoff generation in the karst hillslope critical zone. Catena 239: 107957.