Eurasian Journal of Soil Science
In Press, Corrected Proof
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.1814408(This number will become active after the manuscript has been selected for inclusion in an issue)
Stable URL: http://ejss.fess.org/10.18393/ejss.1814408
Copyright © 2025 The authors and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies
Enhancing barley productivity and water conservation in arid steppes using deep slitting, hydrogel application, and an innovative Combined Seeding Unit (CSU)
, Zaure Ibragimova , Gani Iztleuov , Bekzat Kultassov , Rustam Manabaev , Elmira Yeleuova 
Article first published online: 31 Oct 2025 | How to cite | Additional Information (Show All)
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Manabaev, N., Yussupov , S., Azimov, A., Ibragimova, Z., Iztleuov, G., Kultassov, B., Manabaev, R., Yeleuova, E., 2025. Enhancing barley productivity and water conservation in arid steppes using deep slitting, hydrogel application, and an innovative Combined Seeding Unit (CSU). Eurasian J. Soil Sci. DOI : 10.18393/ejss.1814408Author information
Nurlibai Manabaev , Innovtechproduct LLP, Shymkent, KazakhstanShamshaddin Yussupov , Tashenev University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Abdugani Azimov , M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Zaure Ibragimova , M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Gani Iztleuov , M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Bekzat Kultassov , M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Rustam Manabaev , M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
Elmira Yeleuova , Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Publication information
Article first published online : 31 Oct 2025Manuscript Accepted : 24 Oct 2025
Manuscript Received: 11 Apr 2025
DOI: 10.18393/ejss.1814408
Stable URL: http://ejss.fesss.org/10.18393/ejss.1814408
Abstract
Global food security is increasingly threatened by escalating water scarcity and progressive soil degradation, particularly subsoil compaction resulting from repeated heavy machinery traffic. In many arid and semi-arid regions, bulk soil density may reach 1.68 g cm⁻³ in the 40–60 cm layer of heavy clay–loam soils, severely restricting water infiltration, gaseous exchange, and nutrient transport, ultimately causing substantial yield losses. This study investigated the synergistic effects of deep slitting (subsoiling) and superabsorbent hydrogel polymer (SAP) application on soil moisture dynamics and the productivity of Baisheshek barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under the arid steppe conditions of the Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan. A field experiment with four replications and seven treatments was conducted on compacted heavy clay–loam soil. Soil sampling and agrochemical analyses were performed across three representative sites to account for spatial heterogeneity and to evaluate the robustness of the proposed technology under variable field conditions. Treatments combined two slitting depths (20 cm and 40 cm) with two hydrogel rates (30 kg ha⁻¹ and 60 kg ha⁻¹). The optimal treatment—20 cm slitting with 30 kg ha⁻¹ hydrogel (SCH-20+30)—produced the most favorable soil moisture retention and highest agronomic performance, achieving a yield of 23.2 c ha⁻¹, a 53.6% increase (8.1 c ha⁻¹ gain) over the control (15.1 c ha⁻¹). The 30 kg ha⁻¹ dose was also the most economically efficient, as doubling the rate provided no significant benefit. To enable practical implementation, a patented Combined Seeding Unit (CSU) was developed to integrate deep slitting, hydrogel application, fertilizer placement, and seeding into a single-pass operation. This innovative methodology represents a technologically advanced, water-efficient, and sustainable approach for high-yield barley and other grain cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions, offering a practical model for precision soil and water management under climate-induced water scarcity.Keywords
Hydrogel, Slitting, Combined Seeding Unit, Water Conservation, Yield Enhancement. Corresponding author
References
Agbna, G.H.D., Shahab, A., Zaidi, S.J., 2025. Multifunctional hydrogel systems: Integrating nutrient delivery, soil enhancement, and climate resilience in modern agriculture. Desalination and Water Treatment 323: 101372.
Agelli, M., Corona, N., Maggio, F., Moi, P.V., 2024. Unmanned ground vehicles for continuous crop monitoring in agriculture: Assessing the readiness of current ICT technology. Machines 12(11): 750.
Ali, K., Asad, Z., Agbna, G.H.D., Saud, A., Khan, A., Zaidi, S.J., 2024. Progress and innovations in hydrogels for sustainable agriculture. Agronomy 14(12): 2815.
Arystanov, A., Sagin, J., Karabkina, N., Arystanova, R., Yermekov, F., Kabzhanova, G., Bekseitova, R., Aktymbayeva, A., Kutymova, N., 2025. Automatic classification of agricultural crops using Sentinel-2 Data in the rainfed zone of Southern Kazakhstan. Agronomy 15(9): 2040.
Barabanov, А.T., 2016. Principles of adaptive-landscape generation and development of soil protection agricultural systems. Geography and Natural Resources 37: 106–113.
Campanile, A., Liguori, B., Lama, G. C., Recupido, F., Donatiello, S., Gagliardi, M., Morone, A., Verdolotti, L., 2024. The role of superabsorbent polymers and polymer composites in water resource treatment and management. Polymers 16(16): 2337.
Cavalaris, C., Gemtos, T., Karamoutis, C., 2023. Rotational tillage practices to deal with soil compaction in carbon farming. Soil Systems 7(4): 90.
Filip, M., Zoubek, T., Bumbalek, R., Cerny, P., Batista, C. E., Olsan, P., Bartos, P., Kriz, P., Xiao, M., Dolan, A., Findura, P., 2020. Advanced computational methods for agriculture machinery movement optimization with applications in sugarcane production. Agriculture 10(10): 434.
Frene, J.P., Pandey, B.K., Castrillo, G., 2024. Under pressure: elucidating soil compaction and its effect on soil functions. Plant and Soil 502: 267–278.
GOST 12536-2014. Soils. Methods of laboratory granulometric (grain-size) and microaggregate distribution. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-138335-gost-12536-2014.aspx
GOST 26205-91. Soils. Determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium by Machigin method modified by CINAO. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-55169-gost-26205-91.aspx
GOST 26213-91. Soils. Methods for determination of organic matter. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-52750-gost-26213-91.aspx
GOST 26483-85. Soils. Preparations of salt extract and determination of its pH by CINAO method. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-50090-gost-26483-85.aspx
GOST 26488-85. Soils. Determination of nitrates by CINAO methods. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-50388-gost-26488-85.aspx
GOST 26490-85. Soils. Determination of mobile sulphur by CINAO method. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-49518-gost-26490-85.aspx
GOST 28268-89. Soils. Methods of determination of moisture, maximum hygroscopic moisture and moisture of steady plant fading. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-58936-gost-28268-89.aspx
GOST 5180-2015. Soils. Methods for laboratory determination of physical characteristics. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-139346-gost-5180-2015.aspx
Grahmann, K., Reckling, M., Hernández-Ochoa, I., Donat, M., Bellingrath-Kimura, S., Ewert, F., 2024. Co-designing a landscape experiment to investigate diversified cropping systems. Agricultural Systems 217: 103950.
Huang, S., Islam, M.U., Jiang, F., 2023. The effect of deep-tillage depths on crop yield: A global meta-analysis. Plant, Soil and Environment 69(3):105-117.
Jug, D., Jug, I., Brozović, B., Šeremešić, S., Dolijanović, Ž., Zsembeli, J., Ujj, A., Marjanovic, J., Smutny, V., Dušková, S., Neudert, L., Macák, M., Wilczewski, E., Đurđević, B., 2025. Conservation soil tillage: Bridging science and farmer expectations—An overview from Southern to Northern Europe. Agriculture 15(3): 260.
Kalimov, N., Bodryy, K., Shilo, E., Kaldybaev, D., Bodraya, M., 2024. Impact of tillage and crop rotations on soil organic matter content in Northern Kazakhstan's chernozem soils: A 10-year study (2011-2021). Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 13(1): 35 - 42.
Kopittke, P.M., Menzies, N.W., Wang, P., McKenna, B.A., Lombi, E., 2019. Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security. Environment International 132: 105078.
Lal, R., 2015. Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability 7(5): 5875-5895.
Li, L., Guan, J., Chen, S., Zhang, X., 2022. Intermittent deep tillage on improving soil physical properties and crop performance in an intensive cropping system. Agronomy 12(3): 688.
Malik, S., Chaudhary, K., Malik, A., Punia, H., Sewhag, M., Berkesia, N., Nagora, M., Kalia, S., Malik, K., Kumar, D., Kumar, P., Kamboj, E., Ahlawat, V., Kumar, A., Boora, K., 2023. Superabsorbent polymers as a soil amendment for ıncreasing agriculture production with reducing water losses under water stress condition. Polymers 15(1): 161.
Mancosu, N., Snyder, R.L., Kyriakakis, G., Spano, D., 2015. Water scarcity and future challenges for food production. Water 7(3): 975-992.
Naushabayev, A.K., Vassilina , T.K., Rsymbetov, B.A., Seitkali, N., Balgabayev, A.M., Bakenova, Z.B., 2022. Effects of different polymer hydrogels on moisture capacity of sandy soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 11(3): 241-247.
Ogorek, L.L.P., Gao, Y., Farrar, E., Pandey, B.K., 2025. Soil compaction sensing mechanisms and root responses. Trends in Plant Science 30(5): 565-575.
Ospanbayev, Z., Doszhanova, A., Abdrazakov, Y., Zhapayev, R., Sembayeva, A., Zakieva, A., Yertayeva, Z., 2023. Tillage system and cover crop effects on organic carbon and available nutrient contents in light chestnut soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 12(3): 238-243.
Pandey, B.K., Bennett, M.J., 2024. Uncovering root compaction response mechanisms: new insights and opportunities. Journal of Experimental Botany 75(2): 578–583.
Rastegaripour, F., Tavassoli, A., Babaeian, M., Fernández-Gálvez, J., Caballero-Calvo, A., 2024. Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resource management and crop patterns in Eastern Iran. Agricultural Water Management 295: 108774.
Reinsch, S., Robinson, D.A., van Soest, M.A.J., Keith, A.M., Parry, S., Tye, A.M., 2024. Temperate soils exposed to drought—key processes, ımpacts, ındicators, and unknowns. Land 13(11): 1759.
Robinson, D.A., Friedman, S.P., Thomas, A., Hirmas, D., Sullivan, P.L., Nemes, A., 2025. Soil bulk density and porosity connecting macro- and micro-scales through geometry. Earth-Science Reviews 268: 105173.
Roshanianfard, A., Blum, T., Sigalingging, J.A., Cheng, Y., Saul, H., 2025. Development and performance evaluation of a grass-cutting attachment for an autonomous off-road platform. Smart Agricultural Technology 10: 100858.
Saparov, A., 2014. Soil resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Current status, problems and solutions. In: Novel measurement and assessment tools for monitoring and management of land and water resources in agricultural landscapes of Central Asia. Mueller, L., Saparov, A., Lischeid, G., (Eds.). Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing. Switzerland. pp. 61-73.
Sileshi, G.W., Drinkwater, L.E., Marenya, P., Snapp, S., 2025. Localized application of manure and fertilizers increases productivity of cereals, resource use efficiency and profitability in sub-Saharan Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 379: 109347.
Singh, N.K., Singh, S., Dutta, P., Sulochna, Harishankar, Yadav, R.S., Ghosh, S., Panotra, N., Thakre, T.B., 2025. Role of conservation tillage strategies in reducing soil degradation and enhancing water ınfiltration. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 11 (2): 374–387.
Vedovello, P., Sanches, L. V., da Silva Teodoro, G., Majaron, V. F., Bortoletto-Santos, R., Ribeiro, C., Putti, F.F., 2024. An Overview of polymeric hydrogel applications for sustainable agriculture. Agriculture 14(6): 840.
Wang, X., He, J., Bai, M., Liu, L., Gao, S., Chen, K., Zhuang, H., 2022. The ımpact of traffic-induced compaction on soil bulk density, soil stress distribution and key growth ındicators of maize in north China Plain. Agriculture 12(8): 1220.
Yawson, D.O., Adu, M.O., 2023. Climate change, soil saturation, and risk of yield penalties to key cereal crops: A neglected issue in agri-food system adaptation. In: Climate change strategies: Handling the challenges of adapting to a changing climate. Climate change management. Leal Filho, W., Kovaleva, M., Alves, F., Abubakar, I.R. (Eds.). Springer, Cham. pp 567–579.
Zharlygassov, Z., Kalimov , N., Ansabayeva, A., Zharlygassov, Z., Moskvicheva, E., İslamzade, R., Ay, A., Akça, İ., Kızılkaya, R., 2025. Sustainable nutrient management and agricultural productivity in chernozem soils of the Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 14(1): 98 - 106.
Abstract
Global food security is increasingly threatened by escalating water scarcity and progressive soil degradation, particularly subsoil compaction resulting from repeated heavy machinery traffic. In many arid and semi-arid regions, bulk soil density may reach 1.68 g cm⁻³ in the 40–60 cm layer of heavy clay–loam soils, severely restricting water infiltration, gaseous exchange, and nutrient transport, ultimately causing substantial yield losses. This study investigated the synergistic effects of deep slitting (subsoiling) and superabsorbent hydrogel polymer (SAP) application on soil moisture dynamics and the productivity of Baisheshek barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under the arid steppe conditions of the Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan. A field experiment with four replications and seven treatments was conducted on compacted heavy clay–loam soil. Soil sampling and agrochemical analyses were performed across three representative sites to account for spatial heterogeneity and to evaluate the robustness of the proposed technology under variable field conditions. Treatments combined two slitting depths (20 cm and 40 cm) with two hydrogel rates (30 kg ha⁻¹ and 60 kg ha⁻¹). The optimal treatment—20 cm slitting with 30 kg ha⁻¹ hydrogel (SCH-20+30)—produced the most favorable soil moisture retention and highest agronomic performance, achieving a yield of 23.2 c ha⁻¹, a 53.6% increase (8.1 c ha⁻¹ gain) over the control (15.1 c ha⁻¹). The 30 kg ha⁻¹ dose was also the most economically efficient, as doubling the rate provided no significant benefit. To enable practical implementation, a patented Combined Seeding Unit (CSU) was developed to integrate deep slitting, hydrogel application, fertilizer placement, and seeding into a single-pass operation. This innovative methodology represents a technologically advanced, water-efficient, and sustainable approach for high-yield barley and other grain cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions, offering a practical model for precision soil and water management under climate-induced water scarcity.
Keywords: Hydrogel, Slitting, Combined Seeding Unit, Water Conservation, Yield Enhancement.
References
Agbna, G.H.D., Shahab, A., Zaidi, S.J., 2025. Multifunctional hydrogel systems: Integrating nutrient delivery, soil enhancement, and climate resilience in modern agriculture. Desalination and Water Treatment 323: 101372.
Agelli, M., Corona, N., Maggio, F., Moi, P.V., 2024. Unmanned ground vehicles for continuous crop monitoring in agriculture: Assessing the readiness of current ICT technology. Machines 12(11): 750.
Ali, K., Asad, Z., Agbna, G.H.D., Saud, A., Khan, A., Zaidi, S.J., 2024. Progress and innovations in hydrogels for sustainable agriculture. Agronomy 14(12): 2815.
Arystanov, A., Sagin, J., Karabkina, N., Arystanova, R., Yermekov, F., Kabzhanova, G., Bekseitova, R., Aktymbayeva, A., Kutymova, N., 2025. Automatic classification of agricultural crops using Sentinel-2 Data in the rainfed zone of Southern Kazakhstan. Agronomy 15(9): 2040.
Barabanov, А.T., 2016. Principles of adaptive-landscape generation and development of soil protection agricultural systems. Geography and Natural Resources 37: 106–113.
Campanile, A., Liguori, B., Lama, G. C., Recupido, F., Donatiello, S., Gagliardi, M., Morone, A., Verdolotti, L., 2024. The role of superabsorbent polymers and polymer composites in water resource treatment and management. Polymers 16(16): 2337.
Cavalaris, C., Gemtos, T., Karamoutis, C., 2023. Rotational tillage practices to deal with soil compaction in carbon farming. Soil Systems 7(4): 90.
Filip, M., Zoubek, T., Bumbalek, R., Cerny, P., Batista, C. E., Olsan, P., Bartos, P., Kriz, P., Xiao, M., Dolan, A., Findura, P., 2020. Advanced computational methods for agriculture machinery movement optimization with applications in sugarcane production. Agriculture 10(10): 434.
Frene, J.P., Pandey, B.K., Castrillo, G., 2024. Under pressure: elucidating soil compaction and its effect on soil functions. Plant and Soil 502: 267–278.
GOST 12536-2014. Soils. Methods of laboratory granulometric (grain-size) and microaggregate distribution. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-138335-gost-12536-2014.aspx
GOST 26205-91. Soils. Determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium by Machigin method modified by CINAO. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-55169-gost-26205-91.aspx
GOST 26213-91. Soils. Methods for determination of organic matter. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-52750-gost-26213-91.aspx
GOST 26483-85. Soils. Preparations of salt extract and determination of its pH by CINAO method. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-50090-gost-26483-85.aspx
GOST 26488-85. Soils. Determination of nitrates by CINAO methods. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-50388-gost-26488-85.aspx
GOST 26490-85. Soils. Determination of mobile sulphur by CINAO method. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-49518-gost-26490-85.aspx
GOST 28268-89. Soils. Methods of determination of moisture, maximum hygroscopic moisture and moisture of steady plant fading. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-58936-gost-28268-89.aspx
GOST 5180-2015. Soils. Methods for laboratory determination of physical characteristics. Available at [Access date: 11.04.2025]: https://www.russiangost.com/p-139346-gost-5180-2015.aspx
Grahmann, K., Reckling, M., Hernández-Ochoa, I., Donat, M., Bellingrath-Kimura, S., Ewert, F., 2024. Co-designing a landscape experiment to investigate diversified cropping systems. Agricultural Systems 217: 103950.
Huang, S., Islam, M.U., Jiang, F., 2023. The effect of deep-tillage depths on crop yield: A global meta-analysis. Plant, Soil and Environment 69(3):105-117.
Jug, D., Jug, I., Brozović, B., Šeremešić, S., Dolijanović, Ž., Zsembeli, J., Ujj, A., Marjanovic, J., Smutny, V., Dušková, S., Neudert, L., Macák, M., Wilczewski, E., Đurđević, B., 2025. Conservation soil tillage: Bridging science and farmer expectations—An overview from Southern to Northern Europe. Agriculture 15(3): 260.
Kalimov, N., Bodryy, K., Shilo, E., Kaldybaev, D., Bodraya, M., 2024. Impact of tillage and crop rotations on soil organic matter content in Northern Kazakhstan's chernozem soils: A 10-year study (2011-2021). Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 13(1): 35 - 42.
Kopittke, P.M., Menzies, N.W., Wang, P., McKenna, B.A., Lombi, E., 2019. Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security. Environment International 132: 105078.
Lal, R., 2015. Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability 7(5): 5875-5895.
Li, L., Guan, J., Chen, S., Zhang, X., 2022. Intermittent deep tillage on improving soil physical properties and crop performance in an intensive cropping system. Agronomy 12(3): 688.
Malik, S., Chaudhary, K., Malik, A., Punia, H., Sewhag, M., Berkesia, N., Nagora, M., Kalia, S., Malik, K., Kumar, D., Kumar, P., Kamboj, E., Ahlawat, V., Kumar, A., Boora, K., 2023. Superabsorbent polymers as a soil amendment for ıncreasing agriculture production with reducing water losses under water stress condition. Polymers 15(1): 161.
Mancosu, N., Snyder, R.L., Kyriakakis, G., Spano, D., 2015. Water scarcity and future challenges for food production. Water 7(3): 975-992.
Naushabayev, A.K., Vassilina , T.K., Rsymbetov, B.A., Seitkali, N., Balgabayev, A.M., Bakenova, Z.B., 2022. Effects of different polymer hydrogels on moisture capacity of sandy soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 11(3): 241-247.
Ogorek, L.L.P., Gao, Y., Farrar, E., Pandey, B.K., 2025. Soil compaction sensing mechanisms and root responses. Trends in Plant Science 30(5): 565-575.
Ospanbayev, Z., Doszhanova, A., Abdrazakov, Y., Zhapayev, R., Sembayeva, A., Zakieva, A., Yertayeva, Z., 2023. Tillage system and cover crop effects on organic carbon and available nutrient contents in light chestnut soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 12(3): 238-243.
Pandey, B.K., Bennett, M.J., 2024. Uncovering root compaction response mechanisms: new insights and opportunities. Journal of Experimental Botany 75(2): 578–583.
Rastegaripour, F., Tavassoli, A., Babaeian, M., Fernández-Gálvez, J., Caballero-Calvo, A., 2024. Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resource management and crop patterns in Eastern Iran. Agricultural Water Management 295: 108774.
Reinsch, S., Robinson, D.A., van Soest, M.A.J., Keith, A.M., Parry, S., Tye, A.M., 2024. Temperate soils exposed to drought—key processes, ımpacts, ındicators, and unknowns. Land 13(11): 1759.
Robinson, D.A., Friedman, S.P., Thomas, A., Hirmas, D., Sullivan, P.L., Nemes, A., 2025. Soil bulk density and porosity connecting macro- and micro-scales through geometry. Earth-Science Reviews 268: 105173.
Roshanianfard, A., Blum, T., Sigalingging, J.A., Cheng, Y., Saul, H., 2025. Development and performance evaluation of a grass-cutting attachment for an autonomous off-road platform. Smart Agricultural Technology 10: 100858.
Saparov, A., 2014. Soil resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Current status, problems and solutions. In: Novel measurement and assessment tools for monitoring and management of land and water resources in agricultural landscapes of Central Asia. Mueller, L., Saparov, A., Lischeid, G., (Eds.). Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing. Switzerland. pp. 61-73.
Sileshi, G.W., Drinkwater, L.E., Marenya, P., Snapp, S., 2025. Localized application of manure and fertilizers increases productivity of cereals, resource use efficiency and profitability in sub-Saharan Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 379: 109347.
Singh, N.K., Singh, S., Dutta, P., Sulochna, Harishankar, Yadav, R.S., Ghosh, S., Panotra, N., Thakre, T.B., 2025. Role of conservation tillage strategies in reducing soil degradation and enhancing water ınfiltration. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 11 (2): 374–387.
Vedovello, P., Sanches, L. V., da Silva Teodoro, G., Majaron, V. F., Bortoletto-Santos, R., Ribeiro, C., Putti, F.F., 2024. An Overview of polymeric hydrogel applications for sustainable agriculture. Agriculture 14(6): 840.
Wang, X., He, J., Bai, M., Liu, L., Gao, S., Chen, K., Zhuang, H., 2022. The ımpact of traffic-induced compaction on soil bulk density, soil stress distribution and key growth ındicators of maize in north China Plain. Agriculture 12(8): 1220.
Yawson, D.O., Adu, M.O., 2023. Climate change, soil saturation, and risk of yield penalties to key cereal crops: A neglected issue in agri-food system adaptation. In: Climate change strategies: Handling the challenges of adapting to a changing climate. Climate change management. Leal Filho, W., Kovaleva, M., Alves, F., Abubakar, I.R. (Eds.). Springer, Cham. pp 567–579.
Zharlygassov, Z., Kalimov , N., Ansabayeva, A., Zharlygassov, Z., Moskvicheva, E., İslamzade, R., Ay, A., Akça, İ., Kızılkaya, R., 2025. Sustainable nutrient management and agricultural productivity in chernozem soils of the Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 14(1): 98 - 106.