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Abdollahi, L., Munkholm, L.J., 2014. Tillage system and cover crop effects on soil quality: I. Chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 78(1): 262–270.
Andruschkewitsch, R., Koch, H., Ludwig, B., 2014. Effect of long-term tillage treatments on the temporal dynamics of water-stable aggregates and on macro-aggregate turnover at three German sites. Geoderma 217–218: 57–64.
Ashagrie, Y., Zech, W., Guggenberger, G., 2005. Transformation of a Podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into a monoculture Eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munesa, Ethiopia: soil organic C, N and S dynamics in primary particle and aggregate-size fractions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 106: 89–98.
Balesdent, J., Chenu, C., Balabane, M., 2000. Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 53(3-4): 215–230.
Barto, E.K., Alt, F., Oelmann, Y., Wilcke, W., Rillig, M.C., 2010. Contributions of biotic and abiotic factors to soil aggregation across a land use gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42(12): 2316–2324.
Bhattacharyya, B., Prakash, V., Kundu, S., Srivastva, A.K., Gupta, H.S., 2009. Soil aggregation and organic matter in a sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas under different tillage and crop regimes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 132(1-2): 126–134.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., 2004. Mechanisms of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 23: 481–504.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., Owens, L.B., Post, W.M., Izaurralde, R.C., 2005. Mechanical properties and organic carbon of soil aggregates in the Northern Appalachians. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69(5): 1472–1481.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., 2006. Tensile strength of aggregates. In: Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Lal, R. (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. pp. 45–48.
Carter, M.R., Stewart, B.A., 1996. Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. pp. 182-245.
Celik, I., Barut, Z.B., Ortaş, I., Gök, M., Demirbaş, A., Tülün, Y., Akpınar,C., 2011. Impacts of different tillage practices on some soil microbiological properties and crop yield under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. International Journal of Plant Production 5(3): 237-254.
Celik, I., Turgut, M.M., Acir, N., 2012. Crop rotation and tillage effects on selected soil physical properties of a Typic Haploxerert in an irrigated semi-arid Mediterranean region. International Journal of Plant Production 6(4): 457-480.
Dexter, A.R., 1988. Advances in characterization of soil structure. Soil and Tillage Research 11(3-4): 199-238.
Du, Z.L., Ren, T.S., Hu, C.S., Zhang, Q.Z., Blanco-Canqui, H., 2013. Soil aggregate stability and aggregate-associated carbon under different tillage systems in the North China Plain. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 12(11): 2114-2123.
García-Orenes, F., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrero, C., Bodí, M.B., Arcenegui, V., Zornoza, R., Sempere, J.G., 2009. Effects of agricultural management on surface soil properties and soil–water losses in eastern Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 106: 117–123.
Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Klute, A., (Ed.). Agronomy Monograph No.9, American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 383-411.
Gelaw, A.M., Singh, B.R., Lal, R., 2015. Organic carbon and nitrogen associated with soil aggregates and particle sizes under different land uses in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Land Degradation and Development, 26(7): 690-700.
Hou, X., Li, R., Jia, Z., Han, Q., 2013. Effect of rotational tillage on soil aggregates, organic carbon and nitrogen in the Loess Plateau Area of China. Pedosphere 23(4): 542–548.
Kabiri, V., Raiesi, F., Ghavazi, M.A., 2015. Six years of different tillage systems affected aggregate-associated SOM in a semi-arid loam soil from Central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research 154: 114–125.
Kemper, W.D., Rosenau, R.C., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Klute, A., (Ed.). Agronomy Monograph No.9, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 425-442.
McVay, K.A., 2006. Soil Physical Conditions in Conservation Tillage Systems. Kansas State Univ.-Research and Extensions. Available at [Access date: 28.03.2017]: www.agecon.okstate.edu/isct/labranza/mcvay/soilphys.doc
Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., Pellegrini, S., 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil and Tillage Research 79(2): 131-143.
Pinheiro, E.F.M., Pereira, M.G., Anjos, L.H.C., 2004. Aggregate distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage systems for vegetable crops in a Red Latosol from Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research 77(1): 79–84.
Schlichting, E., Blume, E., 1966. Bodenkundliches Prakticum. Paul Parey Verlag, Hamburg, Berlin, Germany. [in German]
Shu, X., Zhu, A., Zhang, J., Yang, W., Xin, X., Zhang, X., 2015. Changes in soil organic carbon and aggregate stability after conversion to conservation tillage for seven years in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14(6): 1202–1211.
Six, J., Paustian, K., Elliott, E.T., Combrink, C., 2000. Soil structure and organic matter: I. Distribution of aggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64(2): 681–689.
Six, J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A., Paustian, K., 2002. Stabilization mechanisms for soil organic matter: implications for C saturation of soils. Plant and Soil 241(2): 155–176.
Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Agriculture Handbook Vol. 435. USDA, NRCS. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA.
Spaccini, R., Mbagwu, J.S.C., Igwe, C.A., Conte, P., Piccolo, A., 2004. Carbohydrates and aggregation in lowland soil of Nigeria as influenced by organic inputs. Soil and Tillage Research 75(2): 161-172.
Tejada, M., Gonzales, J.L., 2006. Relationships between erodibility and erosion in a soil treated with two organic amendments. Soil and Tillage Research 91(1-2): 186-198.
Zhang, S., Li, Q., Zhang, X., Wei, K., Chen, L., Liang, W., 2012. Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate binding agents in black soil of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research 124: 196–202.
Abstract
The stability of aggregates plays a vital role in preserving and long term storing of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, the long-term (2006-2014) effects of six tillage systems on aggregate-associated SOC were investigated in a field experiment conducted under Mediterranean conditions. The tillage treatments were; conventional tillage with residue incorporated in the soil (CT1), conventional tillage with residue burned (CT2), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc-harrow (RT1), reduced tillage with rotary tiller (RT2), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow fallowed by no-tillage (RNT) for the second crop, and no tillage (NT). The most frequently encountered aggregates in all tillage systems were at 4.0-2.0 mm size and the least frequently found aggregates were 1.0-0.5 mm. The mean weight diameter (MWD) value increased in the NT compared to the conventional tillage practices at the rates of 137% and 204%, respectively at 0-15 cm soil depth. Aggregate-associated SOC contents in 0-15 cm depth were higher under conservation tillage systems. However, the highest SOC at 15-30 cm depth were greater mainly in conventional tillage systems as 9.4% for both CT1 and CT2. The results indicated that conservation tillage systems had greater aggregation and carbon storage at the soil surface.
Keywords: Aggregation, Mediterranean, soil organic carbon, soil tillage.
References
Abdollahi, L., Munkholm, L.J., 2014. Tillage system and cover crop effects on soil quality: I. Chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 78(1): 262–270.
Andruschkewitsch, R., Koch, H., Ludwig, B., 2014. Effect of long-term tillage treatments on the temporal dynamics of water-stable aggregates and on macro-aggregate turnover at three German sites. Geoderma 217–218: 57–64.
Ashagrie, Y., Zech, W., Guggenberger, G., 2005. Transformation of a Podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into a monoculture Eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munesa, Ethiopia: soil organic C, N and S dynamics in primary particle and aggregate-size fractions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 106: 89–98.
Balesdent, J., Chenu, C., Balabane, M., 2000. Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 53(3-4): 215–230.
Barto, E.K., Alt, F., Oelmann, Y., Wilcke, W., Rillig, M.C., 2010. Contributions of biotic and abiotic factors to soil aggregation across a land use gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42(12): 2316–2324.
Bhattacharyya, B., Prakash, V., Kundu, S., Srivastva, A.K., Gupta, H.S., 2009. Soil aggregation and organic matter in a sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas under different tillage and crop regimes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 132(1-2): 126–134.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., 2004. Mechanisms of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 23: 481–504.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., Owens, L.B., Post, W.M., Izaurralde, R.C., 2005. Mechanical properties and organic carbon of soil aggregates in the Northern Appalachians. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69(5): 1472–1481.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., 2006. Tensile strength of aggregates. In: Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Lal, R. (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. pp. 45–48.
Carter, M.R., Stewart, B.A., 1996. Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. pp. 182-245.
Celik, I., Barut, Z.B., Ortaş, I., Gök, M., Demirbaş, A., Tülün, Y., Akpınar,C., 2011. Impacts of different tillage practices on some soil microbiological properties and crop yield under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. International Journal of Plant Production 5(3): 237-254.
Celik, I., Turgut, M.M., Acir, N., 2012. Crop rotation and tillage effects on selected soil physical properties of a Typic Haploxerert in an irrigated semi-arid Mediterranean region. International Journal of Plant Production 6(4): 457-480.
Dexter, A.R., 1988. Advances in characterization of soil structure. Soil and Tillage Research 11(3-4): 199-238.
Du, Z.L., Ren, T.S., Hu, C.S., Zhang, Q.Z., Blanco-Canqui, H., 2013. Soil aggregate stability and aggregate-associated carbon under different tillage systems in the North China Plain. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 12(11): 2114-2123.
García-Orenes, F., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrero, C., Bodí, M.B., Arcenegui, V., Zornoza, R., Sempere, J.G., 2009. Effects of agricultural management on surface soil properties and soil–water losses in eastern Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 106: 117–123.
Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Klute, A., (Ed.). Agronomy Monograph No.9, American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 383-411.
Gelaw, A.M., Singh, B.R., Lal, R., 2015. Organic carbon and nitrogen associated with soil aggregates and particle sizes under different land uses in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Land Degradation and Development, 26(7): 690-700.
Hou, X., Li, R., Jia, Z., Han, Q., 2013. Effect of rotational tillage on soil aggregates, organic carbon and nitrogen in the Loess Plateau Area of China. Pedosphere 23(4): 542–548.
Kabiri, V., Raiesi, F., Ghavazi, M.A., 2015. Six years of different tillage systems affected aggregate-associated SOM in a semi-arid loam soil from Central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research 154: 114–125.
Kemper, W.D., Rosenau, R.C., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Klute, A., (Ed.). Agronomy Monograph No.9, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 425-442.
McVay, K.A., 2006. Soil Physical Conditions in Conservation Tillage Systems. Kansas State Univ.-Research and Extensions. Available at [Access date: 28.03.2017]: www.agecon.okstate.edu/isct/labranza/mcvay/soilphys.doc
Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., Pellegrini, S., 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil and Tillage Research 79(2): 131-143.
Pinheiro, E.F.M., Pereira, M.G., Anjos, L.H.C., 2004. Aggregate distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage systems for vegetable crops in a Red Latosol from Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research 77(1): 79–84.
Schlichting, E., Blume, E., 1966. Bodenkundliches Prakticum. Paul Parey Verlag, Hamburg, Berlin, Germany. [in German]
Shu, X., Zhu, A., Zhang, J., Yang, W., Xin, X., Zhang, X., 2015. Changes in soil organic carbon and aggregate stability after conversion to conservation tillage for seven years in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14(6): 1202–1211.
Six, J., Paustian, K., Elliott, E.T., Combrink, C., 2000. Soil structure and organic matter: I. Distribution of aggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64(2): 681–689.
Six, J., Conant, R.T., Paul, E.A., Paustian, K., 2002. Stabilization mechanisms for soil organic matter: implications for C saturation of soils. Plant and Soil 241(2): 155–176.
Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Agriculture Handbook Vol. 435. USDA, NRCS. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA.
Spaccini, R., Mbagwu, J.S.C., Igwe, C.A., Conte, P., Piccolo, A., 2004. Carbohydrates and aggregation in lowland soil of Nigeria as influenced by organic inputs. Soil and Tillage Research 75(2): 161-172.
Tejada, M., Gonzales, J.L., 2006. Relationships between erodibility and erosion in a soil treated with two organic amendments. Soil and Tillage Research 91(1-2): 186-198.
Zhang, S., Li, Q., Zhang, X., Wei, K., Chen, L., Liang, W., 2012. Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate binding agents in black soil of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research 124: 196–202.